To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell and Twickenham Garden by John Donne Essay Example For Students

To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell and Twickenham Garden by John Donne Essay The two poems I am going to discuss are metaphysical poems by two metaphysical poets. They are To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell and Twickenham Garden by John Donne. The metaphysical movement reacted against the pastoral poems of the 17th century. The poetry of Donne and Marvell uses modern images of the time to express ideas about real and physical love as well as the spiritual side. In this poem Andrew Marvell expresses his feelings about love and time by showing how he wants to make love physically with his mistress before time runs out or before they get too old. At the beginning of the poem, lines 1-4 Andrew is saying that there is not enough time and he finds this shy lady indecisiveness annoying and irritating. Later on in the forthcoming lines he writes, We will write a custom essay on To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell and Twickenham Garden by John Donne specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thou by the Indian Ganges side Shoust rubies find, I by the tide Of Humber would complain. In these lines he is comparing her in an exotic picture of being in India finding rubies and him by the river Humber. This also shows that if this happened he could accept it, as time does not apply to him. Also to travel to India would have taken years in the 17th century. Marvell would complain but he could put up with it because time would not need to be considered. This shows that he finds her really rich and important to be able to travel to India and he is left in Hull alone by the river. This is a good way to contrast between the two pictures. In the following three lines he is implying that if he had infinite time they could love each other forever. He uses the exaggerations of time to create a bigger impact for a flattery effect. For example he compares the length of time with the conversion of the Jews. Jews will never take place therefore representing an immeasurable amount of time. In the following couple of lines he is metaphysically comparing his love for the lady as a Vegetable love. He is saying that his love is still growing stronger. In lines 13-18 Andrew, has gone back to saying if he had an unlimited amount of time what he would do. He wants to spend the time gazing upon the lady, looking at various parts of her body. The poem also states the part of the body he is most interested in. Two hundred to adore each breast And the last age should show your heart Following on in the last two lines in the first verse. He is says, For, lady, you deserve this state, Nor would I love you at a lower rate He is expressing to the lady that she deserves this treatment that he wants to give her. But really he means the opposite, he is trying to fast track, to win her over so that she will sleep with him. In the second part of Andrews argument he creates an effect by personifying time. Times wingà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d chariot hurrying near He says that he can always hear and feel time running out quickly. Andrew changes the direction of his argument, so he is lacking time. This explains why he wants their relationship to develop at a quicker rate. In lines 23 and 24 he sees his afterlife, when he is dead. All he can see is a dull boring place. Andrew use a metaphor to emphasise his picture of his after life. Deserts of vast eternity .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 , .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .postImageUrl , .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 , .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:hover , .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:visited , .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:active { border:0!important; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:active , .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6 .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ade90c96f5dbee64c7ecf2ce42bf0e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Public poetry as opposed to confessional verse? EssayThe word Desert suggests an empty and a difficult place to go, the above quote emphasises the time that a dead person will have. He develops his argument in the next five lines. He talks about when she dies all her beauty will be gone and nobody with her, telling her how pretty she is. The climax of his argument is when he tells her the honour she is trying to keep is worthless. The poem tells her that when she dies, the worms in the ground will take her virginity and her honour away from her. Worms shall try That long preserved virginity, And your quaint honour turn to dust In the last two lines Andrew makes a humorous joke, he expresses that although the graves a private place but, they cant make love in the grave. This rhyme defuses the image the reader has just been given. In the concluding part of this poem, Andrew clarifies what he wants them to do now. He starts by describing in lines 33-36 that while they are still young and still have passion they should make love now, rather than waiting till their, Instant fires to die out. Andrew uses the words instant fires to describe their immediate passion they have. In the next four lines he tells her, when they make love, it should be physical. He uses the image of amorous birds making love as an example of what they should be doing. In addition to this they should be hungry for each other. and must not be wasting time, Rather at once our time devour Than languish in his slow-chapt power The quotes provide a powerful image of his ideas of power and passion. He continues the argument in the next four lines by suggesting they should make love some more. He also uses an effective metaphor to describe how he needs to break her down. Thorough the iron gates of life The last two lines conclude the poem. Andrew uses personification of the sun to say they cannot make the sun stop, for example they cannot stop time but they still can use the lime left to do what they intended to do. So in this way it is an equivalent to beating time. In the next poem, John uses unrequited love. This means the love is not returned, for example the woman he loves does not love him back. In the beginning of the first verse he expresses the extent of his sad feelings by using such effective adjectives. Blasted with sighs, and surrounded with tears John is sad because his love does not love him, he has come to the garden to find peace and a new start. He also states that using his senses the garden sooths him and cures everything apart from his love still does not love him back. And at mine eyes, and at mine ears, Receive such blames, as else cure everything In lines 5-7, John explains that he is trapped within his love. He uses the image of a spiders web to describe his feelings. He feels that this spiders love changes everything good he possesses in to bad disgusting things. The spider love, which transubstantiates all, And can convert manna to gall. In the last two lines in the first verse he describes he garden as true paradise, referring to the Garden of Eden and he has brought the serpent into the garden. In verse 2, lines 1-3, the words winter, benefit and frost creates a reflective mood and reminds us of death. John uses these words because he feels sadness, that everything he is connected to turns to frost, lifeless. In line 4, a metaphysical technique is used, it is called Metaphysical conceit this is used to emphasis how humiliated he feels. The first 4 lines creates the mood of sadness and loneliness. In line 6 John has capitalized Love he does this because he personifies it. He used love as if it was a person who is in charge of him. John expresses his feelings to love, asking love for peace. .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 , .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .postImageUrl , .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 , .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:hover , .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:visited , .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:active { border:0!important; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:active , .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42 .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0414b967285333328f95f5f5975c2b42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry of World War I EssayLove let mee, Some senslesse peece of this place bee; Following in lines 7-8 there is a tone of depression, the tone is achieved by the long sentence structure and is also helped by the onomatopoeia, groane. Make me a mandrake, so I may groane here, Or a stone fountaine weeping out my year. Continuing his argument in lines 1-4 in the 3rd verse he says that the lovers come, to his fountain and take his tears which represents true love. Then he says to taste his tears and their partners tears and taste hem, if the partners tears dont taste like his then her live is not true. In the next two line the tone changes from bitterness to being forthright sounding. John achieves this tone by addressing directly, he is being bold and honest. The effects are strong, getting his warning about what he thinks of women through clearly. Alas, hearts do not in eyes shine, Nor can you more judge womans thoughts by tears, In the last two lines John repeats the words true and truth 3 times. This constructs an effective emphasis of what he feels. He explains that he that she is already married and truthful to her husband, therefore she cannot return his love. These two poems showed different aspects of love in different perspectives. Out of the two poems I preferred Twickenham Garden. I preferred this poem because of its effective use of metaphors and adjectives, with brings the poem to life. Throughout poem the tempo changes as well giving it even more excitement and feel. I fought these aspects made the poem more moving and interesting.

Marriage and Madness Professor Ramos Blog

Marriage and Madness The Yellow Wallpaper Marriage is often presented, to girls at an impressionable young age, as finding a prince charming and living happily ever after. Settling down and having a family may not be as splendid as some women fantasize. Marriages can be toxic and oppressive environments. This is true now as it was for women in the late 1800s.   In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the protagonist is dealing with postpartum depression, but her oppressive environment prevents her from recuperating. Women with mental illness often suffer in oppressive households. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† tells the story of a young woman suffering from a mental illness. The narrator first mentions her illness when she reflects, â€Å"I’m sure I never used to be sensitive, I think it is due to this nervous condition† (Gilman 487). She has no control of her emotions most likely due to her anxiety. Her illness is also troubling to as she laments, â€Å"[her] nervous are dreadfully depressing† (487). Her troubles stem from her separation of her child and her treatment which limits her physically and mentally. She mentions, â€Å"Such a dear baby! And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous† (488). It can be alluded that she suffers from postpartum depression and is not being adequately treated. As she is forced to remain isolated indoors, she becomes obsessed with the wallpaper in the nursery. The wallpaper as she describes began to, â€Å"look to [her] as if it knew what a vicious influence† (488). The wallpaper affects her, and her imagination runs wild as she sees a woman imprisoned within the yellow wallpaper. protagonist reaches her breaking point when she realizes that she is the woman trapped in the depths of the wallpaper. She describes how she pulled off most of the wallpaper by morning to free the young woman within the wallpaper (495). Unfortunately for the protagonist, having children left her in a state of depression and made her begin to resent her husband. The protagonist of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† entered a marriage and treatment became an oppressive environment. Her husband became her oppressor, as tried to suppress her thoughts, and imagination. The narrator reveals that â€Å"perhaps that [he] is the one reason [she] does not get well faster† (486). She is coming to the realization that her husband is not helping her get better. When she discloses her discontentment with the yellow wallpaper, he lets her know, â€Å"[there is] nothing worse for a nervous patient than to give way to their fancies† (488). He invalidates her opinions and suppresses her feelings. Gilman reveals the protagonist’s husband, â€Å"hates to have her write a word† (487). He stifles her from her expressing her thoughts orally as well as her thoughts that are written. She does not have a choice but to obey, because during this period women were not allowed to express their opinions in their marriages. Men held all the power and they determined whether or the role their wives played in their household. The protagonist’s husband threatens that if she does not get better, he would be send her to the physician Weir Mitchell who is much worse of a physician (488). Her husband can conclude that she is mentally unfit and send her away without her consent. He has already taken her away from her actual home in the hopes that she will get better. Gilman reveals the protagonist has been separated from her child, when she confesses, â€Å"there’s one comfort- the baby is well and happy and does not have to occupy this nursery with the horrid wallpaper† (489). The narrator is suffering from postpartum depression and she cannot recover from it, because her husband’s way of dealing with her illness it to avoid it altogether. Marriage is most often presented to women as a goal and they are expected to have a family to be happy. Unfortunately for the protagonist, having children left her in a state of depression and made her begin to resent her husband. Marriage for the Gilman’s protagonist did not end happily ever after. In the 19th century, women with mental illnesses suffered in their oppressive environments. The fate of a women depended on her husband, because historically Victorian Women were â€Å"increasingly ill-prepared for the trials of childbirth and childbearing† (Smith 658). Women would often bare children without contemplating the risks and suffered the consequences. As shown in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† women would suffer from postpartum depression and it would be dismissed as hysterics. Throughout history, hysteria has been seen as characteristically female† (Smith 653). While at this time science and medicine were advancing, the treatment women were receiving did not help them, and it often made their symptoms worsen. Women diagnosed with a mental illness were prescribed a rest-cure in which, â€Å"the patient was not permitted to leave bed or even move within without the doctor’s approval†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sigurà °ardà ³ttir 3). This confinement was not a reasonable treatment, and this cruel punishment was not uncommon in this century. Doctors â€Å"attempted to reinforce childlike dependency in women, defined women as inherently weak, and discouraged excessive mental or physical exertion† (Morantz). Men as well, would punish women for not being a dutiful wife in their eyes. Just like in Gilman’s story often â€Å"rest-cure could be used to discipline women whose illness became a means of avoiding household duties† (Sigurà °ardà ³ttir 4). Men believed women would fake their illnesses rather than believe they were suffering from depression, or anxiety. Unfortunately, women who had mental illnesses suffered greater than they should have. Gender roles play a part in oppressive environments. Men were often seen as the superior sex especially in the late 1800s. Men held power and authority over their wives. That left many women helpless to the wills of their husbands. Though those power dynamics have shift, gender roles are still present and leave women in helpless situations. While mental illness is still a taboo subject for some, more women are being informed about the possible side effects and outcomes of childbirth. Most women cannot be put away anymore because their husbands wish it. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a cautionary tale of how gender roles can lead to harmful relationships. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Nina Baym and Robert S. Levine, 8th ed., vol. 2, W.W. Norton Company, 2013, pp. 485-497. Morantz, Regina Markell, and Sue Zschoche. Professionalism, feminism, and gender roles: a comparative study of nineteenth-century medical therapeutics. The Journal of American History 67.3 (1980): 568-588. Sigurà °ardà ³ttir, Elà ­sabet Rakel. Women and Madness in the 19th Century. The effects of oppression on womens mental health. Diss. 2013. Smith-Rosenburg, Carroll. â€Å"The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in 19th Century America.† Social Research, vol. 39, no. 4, 1972, pp. 652–678. JSTOR, JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/40970115.

Osmotic Pressure and Tonicity

Osmotic Pressure and Tonicity Osmotic pressure and tonicity often are confusing to people. Both are scientific terms pertaining to pressure. Osmotic pressure is the pressure of a solution against a semipermeable membrane to prevent water from flowing inward across the membrane. Tonicity is the measure of this pressure. If the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane is equal, then there is no tendency for water to move across the membrane and no osmotic pressure. The solutions are isotonic with respect to each other. Usually, there is a higher concentration of solutes on one side of the membrane than the other. If youre unclear about osmotic pressure and tonicity it might because youre confused about how the difference between diffusion and osmosis. Diffusion Versus Osmosis Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. For example, if you add sugar to water, the sugar will diffuse throughout the water until the concentration of sugar in the water is constant throughout the solution. Another example of diffusion is how the scent of perfume spreads throughout a room. During osmosis, as with diffusion, there is a tendency of particles to seek the same concentration throughout the solution. However, the particles may be too large to cross a semipermeable membrane separating regions of a solution, so water moves across the membrane. If you have a sugar solution on one side of a semipermeable membrane and pure water on the other side of the membrane, there will always be pressure on the water side of the membrane to try to dilute the sugar solution. Does this mean all of the water will flow into the sugar solution? Probably not, because the fluid may be exerting pressure on the membrane, equalizing the pressure. As an example, if you put a cell in fresh water, the water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell. Will all of the water flow into the cell? No. Either the cell will rupture or else it will swell to a point where the pressure exerted on the membrane exceeds the pressure of the water trying to enter the cell. Of course, small ions and molecules may be able to cross a semipermeable membrane, so solutes such as small ions (Na, Cl-) behave much like they would if simple diffusion were occurring. Hypertonicity, Isotonicity, and Hypotonicity The tonicity of solutions with respect to each other may be expressed as hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic. The effect of different external solute concentrations on red blood cells serves as a good example for a hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solution. Hypertonic Solution or Hypertonicity When the osmotic pressure of the solution outside the blood cells higher than the osmotic pressure inside the red blood cells, the solution is hypertonic. The water inside the blood cells exits the cells in an attempt to equalize the osmotic pressure, causing the cells to shrink or create. Isotonic Solution or Isotonicity When the osmotic pressure outside the red blood cells is the same as the pressure inside the cells, the solution is isotonic with respect to the cytoplasm. This is the usual condition of red blood cells in plasma. Hypotonic Solution or Hypotonicity When the solution outside of the red blood cells has a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of the red blood cells, the solution is hypotonic with respect to the cells. The cells take in water in an attempt to equalize the osmotic pressure, causing them to swell and potentially burst.

TURING AND AL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TURING AND AL - Essay Example What is the significance of this thought experiment? Turing’s game paves the way towards a defense of artificial intelligence. He continues explaining what machines are, their role in his experiment, and the universality of digital computers. Then he raises his initial question again and claims: â€Å"The original question, â€Å"can machines think?† I believe to be too meaningless to deserve a discussion† (Turing 324). Then he puts forth all his beliefs about the matter, which pointed to the fact that machines can indeed think. Hereafter, he discusses all the arguments that oppose his beliefs. The first of the objections is the theological objection (Turing 324-325), followed by the heads in the sand objection (Turing 325), then the argument from consciousness (Turing 325-326), arguments from various disabilities (Turing 326-327), lady Lovelace’s objection (Turing 327), and finally, the argument form informality of behavior (Turing 327-328). Towards the e nd, he does not defend his view from these objections, but tells the reader that his belief will transpire towards the end of the century, due to current problems in programming, engineering, mindset, education and experience (Turing 329). As Turing concludes: â€Å"We can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see plenty there that needs to be done† (Turing 330). Work Cited Turing, Alan.

Foreign Exchange Rates as Unbiased Estimate of Future Sport Rates Dissertation

Foreign Exchange Rates as Unbiased Estimate of Future Sport Rates - Dissertation Example This knowledge will enable the formulation of trading strategies to enhance the effectiveness of market entry and exit, to properly time the purchase of currencies at the lows, and the sale at the highs, or to adopt an adequate hedging position. The study employed three methods of determining the existence of EMH with the intention of arriving at results that corroborate each other, since any one method taken alone can never be assuredly accurate. The first method employs the regression of future spot rates against forward exchange premiums. The second method tests for a confirmation of the unbiased forward rate hypothesis which is indicated by the co-integration of the forward exchange rate and the future spot rate. The third method employs an analysis of EMH on real terms also through regression modeling and equation estimation. Each of the three methods provided evidence that the efficient market hypothesis is valid in the currencies exchange market, specifically in the Swiss fran c – US dollar spot and forward exchange rates. The weak form of market efficiency has been tested and validated, for which reason investors and business would most likely not realize abnormal profits through the use of methods of technical analysis for price forecasting. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 5 Background of the problem 5 Statement of the issue 6 Structure of the work 7 Literature Review 8 EMH and the Foreign Currencies Market 8 EMH in the forex market before and after the 2008 global financial crisis 9 The relationship of forward and spot rates in the forex market 10 Further studies on the predictability of foreign exchange rate behavior 12 Theoretical Framework 14 The Efficient Market Hypothesis 14 Weak form EMH. 15 Semi-strong form EMH 16 Strong form EMH 18 Evidence for and against EMH 19 Empirical Framework 21 Results 23 First Test: Result of regression estimation 23 Second Test: Determining co-integration between st+1 and ft 27 Thi rd Test: Real terms 30 Conclusion 33 Summary of the dissertation 33 Conclusion 34 Other studies could explore the semi-strong and strong forms of efficiency in the currencies exchange market. Responses of prices to news announcements affecting fundamental value or confidence about the underlying economy may prove useful to determining the rate of adjustment of a partially semi-strong efficient market to newly available information. It shall also be a challenge to conduct a study on the strong form market efficiency, because of the difficulty of obtaining data on essentially illegal activities. 36 Bibliography 37 Introduction Background of the problem In the early sixties and prior, the exchange rates in international currencies were governed by the fixed exchange rate regime. From 1973, however, the general free floating exchange rate regime was adopted by the major European central banks, with other international monetary systems adopting the same policy. As a result, companies wit h international exposure (there were very few â€Å"multinationals† then) were particularly prone to shifts in exchange rates of the currencies in which it dealt with (Soenen, 1979). Companies with international operations would at any one time be purchasing raw materials in countries where they are cheap, with their local currency, and selling the finished products in other countries where the demand is great, also with their local

Alternative sources of energy Essay Example for Free

Alternative sources of energy Essay There are several alternatives of energy that can provide renewable energy. Renewable energy is usually generated from the natural resources such as wind, sunlight, rain, geothermal heat and tides. Some of the renewable technologies range from wind power, solar power, biomass, hydroelectricity and biofuels for transportation, (Chiu et al). Biofuel This can broadly be defined as liquid, solid or gas fuel that is derived from recently dead biological materials mostly the plants. It is thus distinguished from the fossil fuel that is generated from the long dead biological materials. Biofuels are theoretically produced from a biological carbon source. Photosynthetic plants are the most common source of biofuels since different plants as well as plant derived materials are all used in the biofuel manufacture. Use of biofuels is common in Asia, Europe and also in America, (Anselmo, P. , Badr, O). The use of this renewable biofuels does provide increased energy security and independence from the petroleum since it is a renewable source of energy. Various issues that form part of the recent debates on the use or no use of biofuels include; the fuel versus food debate, effect on oil price, carbon emission levels, sustainability, soil erosion and deforestation, its impact on available water resources, the potential of poverty reduction, human rights issues, its price, its efficiency and energy balance and the comparison of the centralized versus the decentralized models of production, (Powlson et al). The greatest challenge in the use of biofuels is the conversion of biomass energy to liquid fuels that can be transported. The two most common strategies that re employed include; 1. Growing of sugar crops such as sugar beet, sugar cane or starch such as maize/corn and then employ a yeast fermentation process to produce ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 2. Growing of plants such as soybean, oil palm and algae that do naturally produce oil. These oils can be directly burned in diesel engine since heating of oils reduces their viscosity or they can further be processed chemically to produce biodiesel. A good example is the conversion of wood as well as its byproducts into methanol, woodgas or ethanol fuel, (Batistella et al). First generation Biofuels This refers to biofuels that have been made from starch, sugar, vegetable oil or even animal fats by employing the conventional technology. Grains or seeds such as wheat when fermented into bioethanol are the basic feedstock used in the production of first generation biofuels. Sunflower seeds are also used to yield vegetable oil that is used in biodiesel. The feedstock used for the first generation biofuels have even found their way to the human and animal food chain and has thus been criticized for the diversion of human food into the production of fuels a move that has potentially caused food shortages as well as increase in food prices, (Chiu et al).. Though the quality of obtained oil for use as fuel maybe lower, vegetable oil can be used in some of the old diesel engines that were equipped with the indirect injection system though only in warm climates. In most of the instances, vegetable oil has been used to manufacture biodiesel that is diesel engine compatible especially when blended with the conventional diesel. An advantage to this is that most of the used vegetable oil is being processed into biodisel though it is also worth to note that such companies as Wartsila, MAN B W Diesel and Deutz AG do make engines that are fully compatible with vegetable oil, (Warabi et al). Biodiesel In Europe, this forms the most common biofuel. It is a liquid that is similar in composition to mineral diesel and is produced through the process of transesterification from fats or oils. It’s chemically regarded as FAME (fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) ester. Methanol (or ethanol) and sodium hydroxide are mixed with oils and the chemical reaction that results produces glycerol and biodiesel (FAME). For every ten parts of biodisel produces, one part of glycerol is also produced. Some of the feedstocks used to produce biodiesel include rapeseed, soy, jatropha, mustard, mahua, flax, palm oil, sunflower, field pennycress, hemp and algae, (Shah, P. S. , Suppes, G. J). When mixed with the normal mineral diesel, biodiesel can be burnt in any diesel engine. Most people have been able to run their vehicles purely on biodisel and have not reported any problems though in circumstances of lower temperature, it has the tendency of becoming viscous/thick and some vehicles may thus require a fuel line heater. Most of the vehicle manufacturer taking a precaution on this give out a 15% recommendation of biodiesel that is blended with mineral diesel though most of the newer diesel engines are being made in such a manner that they can run on with 100% biodisel without having to alter the engine, (Schumacher et al). In the US, the rate is not the same as in Europe since more than approximately 80% city buses and commercial trucks in USA are on diesel. It can thus be said that the US market for biodisel is one that is growing at a very slow rate, (Chiu et al) Bioalcohols Through the action of enzymes and microorganisms in the fermentation of starches or sugars, alcohols such as ethanol which is most common and the less common ones such as butanol and propanol are produced. Biobutanol is now regarded as a direct replacement for gasoline since it can be directly used in gasoline engine just as biodisel is used in diesel engines, (Dasari). Ethanol the worldwide common biofuel. Methods used in the production of are enzyme digestion. It can be used some of the petrol engines to act as a replacement for the commonly used gasoline or can as well be mixed to any percentage with gasoline. Worth noting is that most of the currently existing petrol automobile engines can run with a mixture of up to 15% bioethanol and gasoline/petroleum. Also a mixture of ethanol and gasoline has higher octane thus implying that the engine does run more efficiently and even burn hotter. Another advantage is that a mixture of ethanol and gasoline is recommended as a winter oxidizer in high altitude air so as to minimize the atmospheric pollution, (Emerson). The disadvantage of using ethanol as a form of fuel is that it has less energy content and thus it would take more fuel to cover the same distance as compared to the conventional diesel. It is also highly corrosive to the fuel systems, aluminium, rubber hoses and gaskets and combustion chambers. Though an ethanol powered aircraft has already been developed, Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema, it is illegal to use alcohol containing fuels in aircraft. Ethanol is also not compatible with the marine fiberglass fuel tanks as it makes them leak and for the 100% ethanol vehicles to be used, the normal engine has to be modified. It is also a great disadvantage to note that it is not possible to transport corrosive ethanol in the normal petroleum pipelines and thus a more expensive system that would involve stainless steel tank trunks would definitely increase the energy and cost consumption to deliver it to the customer, (Dasari). Less motivating is the net energy gained. When all the energy consumed in cultivation, farm equipment, planting, pesticides, fertilizers, fungicides and herbicides, irrigation systems applied, harvesting and transport, processing and transport to the fuel terminals when also considering the fact that ethanol has lower energy content, the net energy value that is delivered to the consumer is very small, (Shah, P. S. , Suppes, G. J). To counter these challenges of bioethanol, some of the manufactures make flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV’s) that do run on either petrol or bioethanol and even up to the 100% bioethanol mark. These kinds of vehicles have an exhaust oxygen sense system that is designed to adjust the computers system and thus the fuel injection system accordingly. Unfortunately, this leads to increased acquisition cost as well as maintenance cost. When maintenance of the FFV is needed, pollution emission increases and efficiency falls despite the ratio of the mixture. Worth noting also is that the FFV combustion engines are increasingly becoming more complex impacting directly on cost both of maintenance and reliability. Alcohol does also mix with water beyond blending well with petroleum and thus there is the potential of ethanol fuels absorbing environmental moisture despite being dried. Conclusion Countries such as United States of America are searching for alternative sources of energy and the USA aim is to replace the 75% imported oil with alternative energy sources by the year 2025, (Ramos, L.  P. , Wilhelm, H. M). The difficult task for the world is to weigh the advantages as well as disadvantages of alternative sources of energy in comparison to the conventional diesel. It should not be forgotten that the main source of ethanol for use as a biofuel is from corn yet the world is experiencing food crisis. It thus appears that there yet more that the world has to streamline in order to enjoy fully the benefits of biofuel.

What techniques has Leon Gast applied to engage his audience in When E

Throughout the year I have been studying the documentary 'When We Were Kings' based around the 1974 World Boxing Championship fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. The fight was staged in Zaire, Africa and is subsequently predominantly an African influenced film, although still effective in delivering the story and exposition of one of the greatest sporting moments of our modern era. Through use of a complex sound track - including live sound and interviews from the past - Gast is able to entice me to continue viewing the colourful, musical and exciting documentary. Using a majority of archival footage combined with a cast of experts and witness' Leon Gast captures the moment whilst providing us with the necessary background information and detail. A number of questions are asked and social issues raised providing us with a contrast of morals and ideals creating a fast moving, intriguing look at an event adopted in to boxing folklore as the greatest of all time. Although Ga st is unable to incorporate much of his craft - due to a majority of archival footage - he is still able to build tension and demonstrate importance through his shot selection, use of motifs and selection of music. When I viewed Gast's dramatic yet uplifting look at the 1974 World Heavyweight Boxing title fight in Zaire, I was engaged through his use of evocative and up-beat music. Music plays almost constantly throughout and is effective in establishing a mood of fun and excitement about the brutal bout. To begin the film Gast introduces us to the tribal rhythms of Zaire, I believe to signify the origins of both fighters and the importance of cultural links between America, Africa and the evolution of popular culture. Gast also employs the use of a mysterious African women - a dancer and performer - through use of close up's and intense, tension building rhythms. She appears throughout the documentary and we are told later that a witch doctor predicted Foreman might be defeated by use of a voodoo spell involving a "woman with fluttering hands". Whether there is any element of truth to the prediction, Gast's inclusion of this native African lady is clearly to provide an element of mys tery and intrigue around not only the fight in Zaire, but also Ali's greatness. The tribal rhythms and traditional African music work well for Gast and are effective in portraying the mood... ...nter the armed forces during the Vietnam war- had resulted in a jail sentence and loss of the title. This was Ali's return, the greatest of all time was returning to the ring to face one of the most formidable individuals ever to step in to the square shaped arena, making it a bout no red-blooded American and no self respecting sports fan worldwide could miss. Gast's subject matter - the fight itself - and people involved - namely Ali - are perhaps one of the most appealing events to be covered in sports history (with relation to real life relevance) The people involved in Gast's documentary are remarkably effective in delivering the recount of the 'Rumble in the Jungle' combining aging experts with those who were scattered amongst the commotion that was the concert and fight in Zaire, 1974. Spike Lee appears throughout to provide a modern, filmmakers perspective while George Plimpton and Norman Mailer commentate, adding excitement and human dimension to the fight. Mailer and Plimpton covered the fight in the seventies and provide us with a credible recount and are effective in providing professional detail for us helping us understand some more technical angles explored by Gast.