Different Subcultures free essay sample

Convenience could be an individual, source or procedure that gives own insight on a particular examination question. Meeting A predisposition in this strategy is of somebody that has constrained understanding or data with Pokemoon. Value in this technique is of someone own understanding or information in the zone of Pokemoon. Meeting Name: Attained Gaston Age: 1 6 What is Pokemoon? An anima that was then transformed into a game where you can get creature like animals and have them fight for you or if youre not into the fight scene, have them as your companions.What made you begin loving Pokemoon in any case? My companion who let me play her Ruby form on her game kid. My mum at that point purchased my first game for Christmas and my fixation developed from that point. What is your most loved Pokemoon game? Emerald Version If you could be any Pokemoon, what might you be? Led Is Pokemoon sexual orientation orientated? Course not Questionnaire What is your most loved Pokemoon type? Mythical beast and Fire types are extremely close on this one however would need to state that Fire type wins on this one :) What is your preferred starter Pokemoon?Chaired Why do you like Pokemoon? l like the idea of picking your Pokemoon and raising them anyway you need. Its fun, despite the fact that its focused on more youthful children, figure anybody can appreciate it and I simply wish Pokemoon was genuine ha however this is the nearest Ill get What is your most loved Pokemoon game? Emerald Version Do you play or have ever played Pokemoon World Online? (POP) Yeah What do you think or feel when you hear the word Pokemoon? l really get energized Is that awful? Ha Do you have or gather any Pokemoon stock? L have 2 game kid games, a few dolls, an enchanted inside and presumably some other stuff lying around. .. So yes What do you like/love about Pokemoon? The idea of having my own and having the option to prepare them and take care of them anyway I need. Besides all the various kinds aha.. What do you detest/abhor about Pokemoon? Its not genuine Ha If you could be any Pokemoon, what might you be? Led. . It will consistently will be led Who is your Pokemoon legend? Debris Ketchum, on the grounds that; Misty a whiny pitch. Creeks a man where. All the exercise center pioneers are up themselves. Evidence Oak sat idle. Agars an ass So no doubt.. Debris is my saint :) fake Observation Through my very own involvement in Pokemoon, I have found that Pokemoon is a media establishment that is distributed and possessed by a Japanese computer game organization called Nintendo. Made by Stators Ataxia in 1996, it was initially discharged as a couple of interlink-capable game kid pretending computer games created by Game Freak. Pokemoon has since become the second-best computer game based media establishment on the planet, behind Mario. Pokemoon properties have since been marketed into anima, magna, exchanging cards, toys, books, and other media.The name Pokemoon is the Romanizes compression of the Japanese brand Pocket Monsters (FYI 5 - ? ) Pokemoon are animals that occupy an anecdotal world. Rather than a world being named a spot as you most likely are aware it, there is rather Regions that make up the world. Young men and young ladies that arrive at the age of ten have the chance to become Pokemoon mentors, and are given a decision of 3 Pokemoon that are called Starter Pokemoon to look over. These Pokemoon coaches at that point have a few decisions to browse once they have begun their excursion. Some become Pokemoon mentors, who catchPokemoon to extend their assortment and furthermore make their Pokemoon battle to acquire understanding. They will likewise provoke eight exercise center pioneers to attempt to win an identification off every one of them to contend at the Pokemoon League. Others become Pokemoon raisers, who would prefer to keep them as mates and breed them. Some keep Pokemoon to help them at work or to help around the house. The conceivable outcomes are huge. My own considerations on Pokemoon are that it is an exceptionally fascinating and one of a kind idea to subcultures, who actually make themselves insane over it. In spite of the fact that the intended interest group is for a more youthful enervation, it is explained that Pokemoon is cherished by any matured crowd in light of the fact that to be honest, I love it myself. Some close to home emotions that I encountered was playing Pokemoon on my game kid unexpectedly. I was four years of age and had no clue about what was doing, yet thought that it was fun in any case with the legendary, anecdotal animals engaging one another. My undisputed top choice Pokemoon would need to be in fact, the acclaimed fire-breathing, winged serpent like Pokemoon named Chaired.The unadulterated quintessence Of coolness dribbles Off Chaired and through each of the 694 jab at present found, it is my most loved alongside numerous others no doubt. Us Mary What makes a subculture? A subculture is a gathering of individuals with binding together practices and convictions that separate them from the primary culture. I can't help suspecting that in the 21st century, everyb ody is associated with a subculture or the like which separates them from the bigger standard social gathering. How is personality molded and communicated? Character is imparting a feeling of alliance to bunch insiders, by giving sentiments of qualification from outsiders.This is making an alternate point of view from those outside the gathering. A case of this could be a class of music that somebody appreciates and discovers enthusiasm with others who additionally appreciate that sort, yet disapproved of by individuals who disdain that kind of music. Clarify the contrast among individual and social personality in a subculture. Social character is a mid-extend hypothesis of gathering enrollment, self-origination, and gathering conduct that credits an easygoing job to aggregate self-origination. We each experience this consistently in our purported gatherings. Instances of these gatherings could be sorted into; social, family and friend.

Public perceptions of policing

Open view of policing This paper will fundamentally analyze the impact media portrayals of the police can have on open impression of policing. In doing so it will contend that the media impacts open impression of policing, featuring that positive portrayals of the police are a need in diminishing wrongdoing and making social attachment in general. This paper will reason that negative portrayals ought to be diminished, through the media and through police responsibility. So as to basically analyze the impact of media portrayals on open recognitions, the job of the police must be talked about. Customarily, the police job depended on the job of the night guards. In the late seventeenth Century, from each night until dawn, night guards would watch the roads with an assignment to look at all dubious characters (Emsley et al. 2012). Their principle obligation was to capture wrongdoers of minor wrongdoing and to dissuade guilty parties of progressively genuine violations (Emsley et al. 2012). To explain, some portion of their job was to recognize and forestall wrongdoing which for the most part adds to the keeping up of open request in the public arena. This is viewed as a conventional job of the police, in any case, in present occasions this job has gotten considerably more mind boggling. The job of the police would now be able to be considered as part into two; to rebuff or to help. To clarify, common policing has an insignificant separation between the police and the network, with worries to compromise and harmony keeping. Be that as it may, as a coercive and harsh power, military policing separations the administration and the network by focusing on discipline instead of network contribution. For example, military policing has been utilized as an endeavor to handle the war on dread, in spite of the discussions encompassing its thought about viability (Murray, 2005:347). Regardless of this, as of late more prominent accentuation has been put on structuring policing administrations around open need (Myhill, 2011:273). Not exclusively can the general job be viewed as attacked direct opposite, the obligations inside the job are various. McLaughlin (2007) depicts police fill in as multifaceted in that the obligations of the police remember officials for the beat, halting wrongdoings in progress, researching genuine violations and the capturing of guilty parties. Also, the police need to concentrate on the discouragement of crooks just as the consolation of the general population. On this view, police movement is in certainty hard to characterize and, generally, random to law requirement and criminal recognition (Mclaughlin, 2007:52). With a police job that is in itself difficult to characterize, it is imperative to examine what the open view of the job of the police is. The general population can be considered to see the police as images of good power (Jackson et al. 2009:104). In this way, the job of the police is to determine corrupt acts, and set the standard of profound quality. To represent, on the off chance that the police are seen as degenerate, at that point they are seemingly harming the ethical image, which diminishes the certainty the general population have in the image. Maybe because of this attention on profound quality, the open interest that wrongdoers (the transgressors) are gotten and wrongdoing is forestalled (Manning refered to in McLaughlin, 2007:53). Open perspectives on policing are considered as significant as managerial evaluations (Myhill, 2011:273-274), this can assist with guaranteeing that their obligations are executed in an acceptable way. By and large, open view of policing are powerful in their own right. With respect to this, it is imperative to address the impression of the productivity of the police and the certainty general society have in the police. Bradford (2009) talks about four particular gatherings with respect to certainty and view of police viability; these gatherings being recognized through research attempted in London. Right off the bat, there are the supporters who are sure about policing and the upgrades in policing however have minimal direct understanding of the police, for instance, they are probably not going to have been a casualty. Also, the substance are happy with policing yet have apathetic sentiments towards policing, correspondingly, they have little contact with the police. Thirdly, the destitute have negative perspectives towards the improvement of policing and don't have all the earmarks of being happy with policing; they have significant levels of police contact and exploitation. In conclusion, there are the requesting who have significant levels of po lice contact yet less of this contact is brought about by exploitation. They are not totally happy with policing yet are bound to feel educated about neighborhood policing (Bradford, 2009:144). From this, it appears that open impression of the police change because of individual experience, yet the measure of get in touch with one has with the police doesnt totally decide if one has a positive or negative perspective on policing. For instance, the substance and the supporters have comparative contact with the police yet have contrasting recognitions and trust in policing. Apparently this could be because of vicarious experience (Bradford, 2009:42), for instance, anecdotes about the police which one gets notification from others or through the media. This kind of experience could impact ones perspectives on policing. Concerning the split job of the police, it has been set up that a more help situated style of policing can improve open certainty, for instance neighbor policing (Myhill,2011:276). Open trust in policing is significant as it helps police-advertising, and can assist with managing the consolation hole (Bradford, 2011:179). To explain, wrongdoing is falling yet it seems to have had little effect on open trust in policing (Jackson et al. 2009:101). Because of this, the police are managing the dread of wrongdoing notwithstanding endeavoring to control wrongdoing. The police administration is attempting to decrease the dread by managing more extensive worries, for instance, social issue, just as expanding police perceivability and police-advertising (Jackson et al. 2009:101). Lately, the media can be considered to play on this dread of wrongdoing. Ditton et al. clarifies that in spite of the fact that the prevailing flow disposition towards the connection between the media and wrongdoing is of the formers causing apprehension of the last mentioned, it wasnt consistently so㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦most investigate consideration in the field was arranged to interfacing the media to watchers hostility (for example as potential guilty parties) as opposed to their tensions (for example as potential casualties) (Ditton et al. 2011:443). On this view, if the media was to focus on the animosity rather than the exploitation, the dread of wrongdoing would be diminished. In the event that this dread was decreased it would expand open trust in policing as they would accept that wrongdoing has fallen, rather than the open lacking trust in the falling pace of wrongdoing. Also, if policing doesn't need to handle the dread of wrongdoing, it leaves more opportunity to handle real wrongdoing, which thus may make police-advertising more grounded. Besides, drifts in open view of national and neighborhood crime percentages in England and Wales of 2003/2004, found that the more individuals thought wrongdoing was expanding, the more they needed trust in the police (Myhill, 2011:275). By and large, one can contend that the media impacts people in general into dreading expanding wrongdoing, this brings down their trust in the police thus encroaches on the quality of police-advertising. As media portrayals are accessible for general utilization, they are one of only a handful barely any methods whereby people in general can understand wrongdoing and equity (Schlesinger et al. 2010 :255). Truth be told, the media can be considered as something that is done something distinguishable from society (McRobbieThornton, 2010:488). Besides, the media can underscore what they want to cover, and disregard others (Schlesinger et al. 2010 :260). For instance, an issue with policing which can be effectively sensationalized so as to sell more papers might be accounted for on, though a fruitful policing wrongdoing anticipation method lacking emotional worth may not be. Overwhelmingly, one may see the portrayals of policing in the media as negative. To delineate, the passing of Ian Tomlison was vigorously detailed in the media. Between Tomlisons demise and the Crown Prosecution Services choice not to indict, there was a move in news media consideration from police viciousness to the more extensive issue of fundamental institutional disappointment' (Greer,2011:275). To clarify, the media recognized the offense of a specific cop, yet in time sent affirmed issues of policing itself. As the open utilize the media to get to information on wrongdoing and equity, it tends to be viewed as that general society would have followed this story from the beginning, thus would have increased negative impression of policing before the finish of this string of media portrayals. Just as creating metaphor in the news, the media can be liable of distortions . To represent, McLaughlin (2007) contends that the limits of the genuine have gotten intensely obscured and, somewhat, deleted, in that the numerous anecdotal police based projects give a wrong impression of policing, and produce bogus view of policing. The media has put the once holy symbol of national security and social request in danger (McLaughlin, 2007:114) Then again, the media can deliver positive portrayals of the police, which in actuality may build energy among the open impression of policing. For example, Neighborhood Blues (BBC1, 2012) speaks to the police in a positive light, exhibiting how they incorporate with people in general, for instance, liaising with the destitute, offering guidance, demonstrating care and sympathy just as implementing the law. Along these lines it appears that the broadcast portrayals of policing can have its qualities and shortcomings with respect to open view of policing. To explain, on-screen media can remove the truth of policing and make bogus portrayals, how

Your friendly neighborhood webcaster

Your friendly neighborhood webcaster Did you miss the CPW webcast with Lauren and Jennifer? Well if you hurry you can still catch it at the Class of 2014 site! (use the username/password we emailed to you). The video will come down soon after the CPW registration page comes offline. Which reminds me… Have you registered for CPW? I swear that’s the last time I’ll ask, mostly because very soon CPW will transition from “the whirlwind adventure with my new classmates into the wonders of MIT I planned to register for” to “that potentially life-changing event I wished I’d registered for but missed the deadline because I inexplicably decided to watch all 5 seasons of ‘Quantum Leap’ back-to-back, which was very entertaining but in retrospect really could have waited.” * [* Actual regret may vary] I’m really posting to remind you that we’ll be having another admitted student webcast event on Wednesday (March 31st). This week’s theme is CPW! No I’m just kidding, it’s student life, and we have Uber-blogger Hamsika ’13 and Campus Information Session presenter (and all-around great guy) Paul ’12 to answer your questions. We’ll be doing two different webcasts this time, one at 8:00pm EDT and one at 10:00pm EDT, in order to accommodate both coasts (and all the lovely time zones in-between). The page will go live ~30 minutes prior to each webcast so you can add your questions to the MIT Media Lab’s Backchannl feed, which will continue through the show. I hope you can join us! Paul and Hamsika student life webcast Admitted students of the Class of 2014! Wednesday, March 31st 8:00pm 10:00pm EDT

Why Is Art A Genre Essay - 1464 Words

â€Å"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.†-Aristotle According to Dictinary.com, a genre is a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. (Dictionary) Before I began this course, the only inclination of genre was that of books and movies. From my experience, the aspect of genres are what categorized media in various forms, making it easy for an audience to comprehend said material. However, my freshman college writing course, forced me to step outside of my perspective comfort zone. Nevertheless this new perspective baffled me. However it also gave me an opportunity to view something in a different light than what I had been conditioned to know. So how does this new definition of genre relate to this assignment? The term genre now had a meaning outside of literally terms. A genre is a specific branch of a broad perspective. Moreover, in relations to this project I was to pick a genre of my intended major and further explain it to my peers. For students like myself, this would be a challenge as a student with an undeclared major. Although I’m undecided, I’m taking a variety of classes that hold my interest as a possible career. Based on the most intriguing course that I have been taking, my intended major for my genre is graphic design. Graphic design is the art or profession of visual communication that combines images, words, andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Fairy Tales1065 Words   |  5 PagesSocial History of a Genre† 6). The writers of the stories indicate of the relationships between the authors of the tales and their community, since most stories were intended for a broad community. These writers would use a framework for their tales in which they shared their stories with their listeners. Their listeners were extremely important to them, because the response of the listens help ed to form the genre (â€Å"Why Fairy Tales Stick: The Evolutions and Relevance of a Genre† 17). The media hasRead MoreThe Baroque Of Baroque Dance962 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are part of the process, such as the why baroque was created and the purpose that baroque dancing served in cultural context. There was an important shift in history that engaged people to want to move and it is an important subject to be studied. Baroque dance was quite different from the social dancing we experience today. There are different layers to baroque dance and different contributors that created a historical permanence in the ballet genre we learn today. This will be an in-depth observationRead More A Violent Message in the Art of Popular Culture Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesA â€Å"Violent† Message in the Art of Popular Culture Many people believe that present-day music cause division, tension, and sometimes violence. However, it is acknowledged as art in popular culture. Art in popular culture revolves around action movies, television sitcoms, and provocative song lyrics, which have themes centered on explicit sexuality. Art in popular culture is embodied in music, dance, photography, and other artwork that embraces the ills of the world and acknowledges thatRead MoreNazi Film Melodrama By Laura Heins1421 Words   |  6 Pages Often underestimated, the arts have time and time again proven that they are powerful. The arts in all and any of its forms has the power to move masses, it has the power to either end or start movements. Adolf Hitler knew the power the arts had, he knew that controlling art would allow him to control culture and in turn allow him to control people. The control of the arts was key to the success Nazi Germany had. It was Adolf Hitler’s belief that Germany’s destiny w as to lead in terms of culture;Read MoreThere Is A Seemingly Infinite Number Of Musical Genres1648 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a seemingly infinite number of musical genres from all over the world and I can find appreciation in almost all of them. Some genres are easier to like than others but music is music and it is an art form. However, there is one genre that I have a hard time enjoying. Hip-Hop/Rap is probably the only genre that I do not enjoy listening to. This is especially troubling to me because I hear it almost everywhere I go. I am a wrestler for the University and Hip-Hop/Rap is always playing duringRead MoreVideo Art : The Aesthetics Of Narcissism904 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Video art† is a new genre, not to be confused with film, and not to be viewed as entirely separate from the medium of television, which dominates the viewing experience of video artworks. There is a relentless desire evoked in art critics and viewers alike to strictly define what exact ly â€Å"video art† is, and what it is doing. Video art serves as somewhat of a paradox, responding to these questions by merely turning them back on to the viewer themselves to further contemplate: what is video art? WhatRead MoreKey Themes Of Maus, Oranges And Sunshine, And Reckoning802 Words   |  4 Pagescontrast the ways that key themes and ideas have been constructed in each text to represent the life writing genre through the use of genre conventions. Maus, Oranges and Sunshine, and Reckoning are three very different books which represent the life writing genre. The key themes and ideas in the life writing genre are often to help the reader understand who the author really is and why they act that way and also to come to terms with the effects of the past as seen in Maus and Reckoning. A wayRead MoreMusic Is It s Something That We Interact With Every Day1048 Words   |  5 Pageslife situations, and is a source of communication between people. It unites people in surprising ways. There are many types of music. Music can be composed of beats, sounds, words, and rhythms. Some types or genres of music are; classical rock, rap, country, electronic, and world music. These genres of music can target specific people from certain backgrounds or areas, but also depends on the personal preferences of the person. Music has a history line and most songs are closely related or have beenRead MoreThe Things I Know Nothing At All : A Little Thin g From Experience1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe title of my project is called The Things I Know Nothing at All: A Little Thing from Experience. The genre is diverse and falls under the categories of prose poetry, micro fiction, or creative non-fiction. It is inspired by Anne Carson’s Short Talks where she analyzes different subjects that are interconnected on a grander scheme. I used Janet Burroway’s Imaginative Writing: the Elements of Craft to create my creative non-fiction piece and to develop its subjects. The goal of my project is toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Asian Film And The Supernatural Fuck This Shit 1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthe artistic director of Pacific Arts Movement and of the San Diego Asian Film Foundation who received his PhD in Cinema and Media Studies at UCLA. His lecture presented grave insight into National cultural specifics but emphasized mostly on China and Hong Kong. He also broke down genres as they play a role in the film indus try. Martial-arts as a genre are very specific to Chinese cinema and Japan has samurai films of loyalty and justice. As a genre, martial-arts take place at a temples or a forest

Questions On Virgil s The Odyssey - 1009 Words

Week 6 Discussions Virgil 1) Who is Aeneas and where did he come from? - Aeneas is son of Anchises, the prince of Dardaria and Venus, goddess of beauty and love. Aeneas was a Trojan military leader during the Trojan War. Aeneas was also one of the lone survivors after the siege of Troy. After the fall of Troy, Aeneas is divinely lead to Carthage by Juno because she has a grudge against the Trojans. While in Carthage, queen Dido falls deeply in love with Aeneas. Jupiter afraid that Aeneas is abandoning his destiny sends Mercury to order Aeneas to leave Carthage and travel to Italy. Once he arrives in Italy he is visited by his father’s ghost which tells him he needs to travel to the Underworld. Aeneas ends up going to the Underworld to†¦show more content†¦See how Mars’s twin plumes stand on his crest, and his father marks him out for the world above with his own emblems? Behold, my son, under his command glorious Rome will match earth’s power and heaven’s will, and encircle seven hills with a single wall, happy in he r race of men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Virgil VI. 778-783) Romulus will become the first king of Rome. Romulus will end up setting the foundation and lineage for the upcoming Roman Republic. - Augustus Caesar: According to Kline’s translation, Virgil introduces Augustus Creaser in verse 791, â€Å"This is the man, this is him, whom you so often hear promised you, Augustus Caesar, son of the Deified, who will make a Golden Age again in the fields where Saturn once reigned, and extend the empire beyond the Libyans and the Indians†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Virgil VI.791-795) Virgil in this passage introduces Augustus Caesar and tells us of his great expansion of territory during his reign. - Julius Caesar and Pompey: According to Kline, Virgil introduces two prominent players in the future construction of the Roman Empire in verse 826, â€Å"But those others, you can discern, shining in matching armour, souls in harmony now, while they are cloaked in darkness, ah, if they reach the light of the living, what civil war what battle and slaughter, they’ll cause, Julius Caesar, the father-in-law, down from the Alpine ramparts, from

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 3 Free Essays

Pink and white banners advertising the spring dance hung on all four walls of the school cafeteria. On a different day, or maybe in a different life, Cassie would have been excited for the dance. But this afternoon’s lunch was going to be all business. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Suzan arrived a few minutes after the others and dropped her tray on the table with enthusiasm, seemingly oblivious to the group’s mood. â€Å"Is it that time already? We have to go shopping before all the good dresses disappear.† â€Å"Is that seriously what’s on your mind right now?† Melanie said, her mouth half full. â€Å"A stupid dance?† Suzan crossed her arms over her cerulean blouse. â€Å"We’re supposed to act normal, right? So we don’t seem suspicious to the principal or anyone else. I’m just acting normal.† â€Å"You can act however you want, as long as you don’t perform any magic,† Cassie announced. â€Å"The principal knows who we are. We confirmed that this morning.† Suzan took a seat between Faye and Deborah. â€Å"Oh.† She pushed her tray away dejectedly. â€Å"Nobody told me. I’m always the last to know everything.† Cassie looked around the table at her friends. Of course the hunters had figured them out. Not only were they always together, but none of them seemed average, even when they were alone. Adam and Nick, the Henderson brothers, and even Sean carried themselves with a pride and independence that set them apart from other guys at school. Their fellow students were terrified and awestruck by them. It was no different for the girls. Diana was the most admired, and Faye the most feared – but Laurel, Melanie, Deborah, and Suzan were no less intriguing to their classmates. Something about them sparkled. They were unlike all the other girls in school; their problems were so much larger than boys and clothes. It was stupid of Cassie to assume any of them could have remained unrecognized by the hunters. â€Å"After what happened earlier today,† Diana said quietly, â€Å"school is no longer safe for those of us who’ve been marked.† She’d directed the comment at Laurel, but Laurel just played with her sandwich, not eating and not looking up. Cassie had never seen her this depressed, even when the hunters first burned their symbol onto her front lawn. Faye also pretended not to hear Diana’s warning. She refused to acknowledge that she’d been marked at all. Cassie noticed she was still wearing the opal necklace Max had given her, the one he’d stamped with the hunter symbol. â€Å"You can take that off,† Cassie said, pointing to the necklace. â€Å"You don’t have to keep wearing it like some kind of scarlet letter.† Faye shook her head. â€Å"I’m not about to let on that I know about the mark. He’s not the only one who can pretend to be someone he’s not.† Deborah nodded, pointing her plastic fork at Faye like a spear. â€Å"You should give him a taste of his own medicine. Max played you, and now you have to turn it around on him.† â€Å"There he is.† Sean shifted his beady eyes across the cafeteria toward Max, and Faye quickly applied a fresh coat of red gloss to her lips. â€Å"Do you honestly think revenge is the best idea right now?† Diana asked. â€Å"We’ve already had one close call with a hunter today. We don’t need another.† â€Å"Relax, D.† Faye curled her lips into a smile. â€Å"We need information on the hunters and he’s our way to it. I’m going to pump him for intel, double agent – style. Watch and learn.† Without another word, Faye stood up and jogged over to Max, meeting him halfway as he approached. He was dressed to go to lacrosse practice and carried a duffel bag. Faye took the bag from him, dropped it to her side, and pretended to be just as in love with him as ever. She pulled him in close and kissed him passionately on the mouth. â€Å"I’ve missed you,† she said, loud enough for the Circle to hear. Max touched his fingers to his lips, now lightly coated in the same red gloss as Faye’s. â€Å"And I missed you,† he said. Max was tall and muscular with light brown hair. His voice was rugged, and he wore a perpetual cocky grin. He was just the kind of guy that made Faye swoon. It’s no wonder she’d let her guard down enough to get marked by him. The rest of the Circle watched as Faye whispered into Max’s ear and he murmured back to her in a soft voice. â€Å"Do you think he’s falling for it?† Sean asked. â€Å"Seems like it,† Doug said, nodding his wild head of blond hair. â€Å"He’s acting the same as before. Like a lovesick wimp.† â€Å"But who knows if she’ll be able to get any information out of him,† his twin brother said. Melanie was dubious, as usual. â€Å"There’s no way he’s going to give up anything on the hunters. Whether he thinks Faye’s on to him or not, he’s not stupid.† â€Å"But Faye might be able to trick him into leading us to more of them,† Nick said. He was sitting on the cafeteria table, bent over with his feet on a chair. â€Å"There have to be more hunters in town than just Max and his dad.† Melanie rolled her gray eyes. â€Å"Yeah, I’m sure Max will be happy to introduce us to all his hunter buddies. Maybe he’ll even host a cocktail party.† Cassie continued watching Max and Faye’s back-and-forth. It was almost comical, both of them pretending to be into the other when they were actually sworn enemies. But Max’s face betrayed nothing more than he intended it to. He was running this show and Cassie could see he was too good at it to crack under a little pressure. After a few minutes of the charade, Faye finally gave up. She leaned in and kissed Max one last time before returning to the group. Max waved as he passed them on his way to the gym, flashing his perfect smile – but Cassie thought it looked like he was grinning at Diana in particular. â€Å"Well, that was a bust,† Faye said. â€Å"He’s either a really good actor or he doesn’t know anything about what happened earlier in the principal’s office. I mentioned my friend Laurel and he asked which one she was.† â€Å"We still shouldn’t push our luck,† Diana said. â€Å"I think it’s time for you to distance yourself from him and his dad.† â€Å"I think Diana’s right,† Cassie said. â€Å"We need to lay down some new rules.† â€Å"Just what this Circle needs.† Faye returned to her seat at the table. â€Å"More rules.† â€Å"What do you propose?† Diana asked, speaking over Faye. â€Å"We’re listening.† Cassie realized she had the whole group’s attention. They watched her hopefully, like she might have some secret panacea to solve all their problems. She cleared her throat and tried to think of something fast. â€Å"Well, we know the hunters can’t mark someone without witnessing them doing magic. But once they’re marked, the next step is the killing curse, which means death. Ultimate death.† â€Å"Is this supposed to be a pep talk?† Sean called out. â€Å"Let her finish.† Nick glared at Sean with a deep mahogany stare. â€Å"I think we need to enact a buddy system. One hunter can’t perform the killing curse on a witch alone. The best thing we can do is make sure we’re not alone either,† Cassie said. Deborah let out a whoop of laughter. â€Å"That’s your big idea? For us to hold hands in the hallway like preschoolers?† â€Å"I never said it was a big idea,† Cassie said defensively. â€Å"It just makes sense for those of us who are marked to be with another Circle member at all times. Including overnight.† Faye’s honey-colored eyes blazed. â€Å"No way. I won’t agree to having a babysitter. I’d rather die.† â€Å"You just might die if you don’t agree to this,† Melanie said. â€Å"It’s the only way we can be sure you and Laurel remain safe.† Laurel looked up from her untouched lunch. She didn’t appear any more eager than Faye to accept this new rule. â€Å"But Cassie, you said before that you’ve been talking to your mom about your father, and that you’re learning ancient things that could help us.† Cassie felt herself tense up. She could sense Adam’s cavernous eyes watching her, and she swore she could actually hear Diana’s jaw unhinge before any words escaped her mouth. â€Å"What ancient things?† Diana asked, with a hint of suspicion in her voice. The entire cafeteria seemed to fall silent and Cassie shifted uncomfortably. â€Å"I was just telling Laurel that my father once saved someone who was marked. I’m trying to learn more about how he did it.† Diana furrowed her brow at Cassie’s discomfort. She was unwilling to let the matter drop. â€Å"Do you think he used something similar to the witch-hunter curse we memorized from my Book of Shadows?† â€Å"Probably something like that,† Cassie said, trying to sound nonchalant and upbeat. â€Å"Why don’t we just use the witch-hunter curse from Diana’s book now? We know Max and his dad are hunters,† Suzan said. â€Å"I don’t understand what we’re waiting for.† â€Å"I second that,† Nick said. Diana released a frustrated breath. They’d been over this before. â€Å"Because this is our chance to use the hunters’ ignorance for more information. We still have surprise on our side. They don’t know we know who they are. And we also don’t know for sure how that curse works, or what it’ll do. It’s a very rough translation, so it’s our absolute last resort. If we try it and it doesn’t work, then we’ll all be marked in a matter of seconds.† â€Å"In other words,† Faye said, â€Å"we have no clue if those words we memorized are a witch-hunter curse or a fairy tale.† Diana was quiet for a few seconds. She chewed on her lip nervously. â€Å"We can’t rely on that mediocre, pieced-together translation from Diana’s book,† Adam said. â€Å"No offense to you, Diana, but whatever curse Black John used, that’s the one we want when we go up against the hunters.† Diana nodded and looked down at her hands. Adam turned to Cassie. She could tell he was struggling to restrain himself from telling the group about Black John’s book, but she also knew he’d never betray her trust, no matter how difficult it was for him. â€Å"What about the protection spell?† Laurel asked. â€Å"Shouldn’t that keep me and Faye safe enough so we can at least continue leading normal lives?† â€Å"It seems to be intact.† Diana raised her head, hesitantly. â€Å"But we don’t know how long it’ll last. That spell is kind of a one-shot deal, and once it wears off, that’s it.† â€Å"And,† Melanie said, â€Å"even if it does last, we can’t be sure it’s strong enough against the hunter’s killing curse. It probably isn’t.† Faye stared off into space, for once too upset to argue. Cassie momentarily considered her own situation. If the protection spell wore off, she’d really be powerless against Scarlett. As it was, she was jumping at every shadow and freezing up at the sight of every redhead who walked by. â€Å"How are you going to do it?† Faye called out to Cassie, like she’d just snapped out of a daydream. â€Å"How do you plan to figure out the curse Black John used?† Cassie glanced at Adam, but his expression kept her secret safely hidden. â€Å"I’m trying to learn what I can from my mother,† Cassie said. â€Å"She’s blocked out a lot of the past, but when I get her talking sometimes things come to light.† It was a good answer for being put on the spot, and even true. But Cassie knew it would take more to save her friends and defeat the hunters than simply getting her mother to talk about the past. She had to get her father’s book back. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 3, Essay examples

Quality of Information Sharing and Supply Chainâ€MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Quality of Information Sharing and Supply Chain. Answer: Introduction As the present day scenario suggests, all the business organizations have to keep in mind several factors for their successful business expansion. The most important aspects that any and every business organization must take into consideration are the customer satisfaction. This era is the era of rapid development and advancement. The customers now are looking forward to not only the quality and the quantity of the goods and services, but also to several other additional stuffs. The most important among them is the customer service. The companies for this reason have to keep a sound logistics and supply chain management. They need to maintain this logistic and supply chain management chain right from the suppliers to the final customers. It usually involves a long and complex network of activities like warehousing, inventory, planning and scheduling, customer service and many others. One of the most complicated food sectors is the ice cream industry, since it needs several additional facilities like cold temperature, special kind of packaging and refrigerated carriers etc (Pang et al .,2015). One of the major challenges that the supply and logistics section of the ice cream industry face in todays scenario is the maintenance of proper temperature. This is because the ice cream is such a product that needs to be stored at proper temperatures right from the beginning to the end of the supply chain. In other words, the company has to pay much attention towards the temperature control and handling in the SCM The first and important thing that the company must do is to make a proper plan. A sound business plan must contain detailed information about each and every operation details. It has to take many decisions based on customer choices like what to produce, and for whom to produce. The company also has to decide the sources that are the suppliers. Once the sources of the raw materials are decided the company must go for negotiations and scheduling deliveries. The performance can be measured via the performance of the employees like timely delivery of raw materials, settlement of payment, quality of the raw materials etc. This is the part where the companies have to look after almost all the important aspects like testing of the raw materials, storing of data, regulatory compliance etc. It can be measured by seeing the overall performance of the company and the market share that the company has in the industry. This includes the selection of the transportation and the distribution options. In other words, the Companies must see to it that the deliveries reach the customers within the stipulated time period. The performance can be measured from the customer feedback that is whether or not the customers are satisfied with the services, and also the quality of the final products after it reaches them. The functioning of the com pay does not end only with the delivery of products to the customers, but the company also has to see to the other factors, like managing the defective returned goods, identifying the defects, sending them for recycling. This can be measured by the records of inventory product, the amount of product returns, t he management of the defective products etc. Integration considerations Earlier the company used to follow several aspects of the supply chain and logistics functions like transport, controlling of the inventory, handling of the material and also warehousing. However, it has been seen that the needs and demands of the customers are changing day by day. In order to cater to the needs and demands of the customers, the company has to modify and upgrade their supply chain management in several ways (Stadtler, 2015). The main motif of the company is to see that how they can gather and bring g all the different activities of the supply chain management into a single, balanced and well co ordinate supply chain. As far as the integration is concerned, it is mainly divided in to two different parts; they are the internal and the external integration. The internal integration of tip top ice creams The tip top ice cream has to import several raw materials for its production like- Fats, sugar, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flavors, milk powder, milk cream and several other such input products. As far as the marketing of the tip top ice creams products is concerned, it has a good local and global demand as well. It is one of the chief producer and distributor of dairy products and ice creams in different parts of New Zealand. The universal supply chain stretches its marketing and distribution over all the firms in New Zealand. They also have several clients and patrons located in several parts of the world. Tip top has been making delicious ice creams and operating in New Zealand for over seventy five years. As the tip top company mainly deals in ice cream and dairy products, it has to take very much care of the fact that, the temperature is well maintained in every stage of their logistics and supply chain (Govindan et al .,2014). In order to see that there is no compromise with the quality of the ice cream, the tip top company maintains a particular kind of supply chain called the cold supply chain. They have to take very much care of the fact that there is no heat, rathe r no unwanted risk of temperature created while the ice creams are being taken from one place to the other. The delivery truck that is to be used must be heat proof and designed accordingly, so as to see that the ice creams do not melt and stay intact (Juan Ding et al .,2014). The integration can however take place only after the combination of the two that is the material management as well as the physical distribution. In other words both the inward as well as the outward flow of products must take place in a proper manner so that the whole process runs smoothly. Right from the starting point, that is from the point of acquiring the raw materials from the suppliers, transporting the raw materials from the place of origin to the different production units. Food industry in general needs to pay special attention to this aspect, so that there are no issues with the quality of food. There are mainly several different stages that the food industry needs to follow in order to upgrade and integrate its supply chain. In order to integrate the supply chain, the industry must question its existing supply chain in the first instance. After thorough questioning and analyzing session, it was seen that there are some or the other loopholes existing in the supply chain and logistics that they were using. Currently, there are three trends that will enable a much increased level of integration in the supply chain process. The first is the pending food safety legislation. This legislation needs that there must be time limitations I posed and maintained. This time limitation must be on the product tracing. Apart from this, the food chains are something that always is very diverse in nature and requires the participation of several kinds of entities at different points of tome. This is because in the food industry, there is often a huge diversity in terms of geography, size, locations, resource, experience etc. In the modern day scenario, it is highly essential for each and every industry to maintain the e commerce facilities. In other words, the companies must try and use the internet based facilities in order to manage and operate the logistics and the supply chain in a better way. The must make use of different software (Eksoz, Mansouri Bourlakis 2014). The company and try and seek for measures of using the technology and the modern scientific methods to control the power cuts. As the tip top ice cream company has realized that the major problem it faces, is that of power cuts. Among all the other food products, ice cream is the one that is extra sensitive to temperature. Thus, frequent power cuts will greatly harm the quality of the ice creams (Beske, Land Seuring 2014). As a result of this problem, the company has decided to use the special power back up methods. Apart from this, they might also consider using dry ice. Adding dry ice to the packages or in the trucks will help the ice creams stay intact without any damage being done to the quality of the ice cream (van Elzakker et al .,2014). Among all the other general food products, ice cream is one that needs special temperature control methods right from the time of its procurement, through the entire process of transportation, manufacturing, packaging and finally followed by the last step that is delivering them to the customers. It must also be noted, while upgrading the supply chain and logistics, that ice creams are exclusively seasonal products and there are some additional up gradations and adjustments that are to be made in the supply chain management and logistics of such products. One of the most important steps that can be adopted by the Tip Top ice cream company is developing resilient supply chain. In other words, this supply chain must be able to build the flexibility in the entire process and also for changing the prevalent corporate culture (Acar et al., 2017). This can be done by increasing the number of suppliers from whom the company purchases its raw materials. This will increase the number of alternative options at the hands of the company. It can so happen that during the business transactions, there are several unwanted disputes that arise. However, the production must not get hampered in any way. It is hence, beneficial for maintaining a large number of suppliers from whom the company can get the required amount of raw materials from them. This will also enable the tip top ice cream company to hold some excess amount of food inventory (Beg et al .,2017). Adapting to climatic change and building resilience Apart from this, another strategy that the tip top ice cream company can use is combining the procurement strategy with supplier relationship (Manzin Accorsi 2013). Maintaining a good and healthy relationship with the suppliers is indeed useful. It will act as a very good in built strategy for the company. Apart from thus, the tip top ice cream company may also consider shifting the entire supply chain from one specific geographical location to the other. As the food products in general and the ice cream in particular are very climate sensitive items, the companys manufacturing them have to be very much concerned about this factor. As the geographical location of the company is subjected to several extremes of climatic conditions, they might consider shifting the hub of their supply chain away to some other place that has favorable climatic conditions. Keeping in mind the contemporary issues that are faced by the logistics and supply chain of the food companies, one of the most essential step that is to be taken by the company is sharing the relevant information of the supply chain systems with their consumers. This can turn out to be an important step, as it will help in minimizing the risk of consumer vulnerability. The consumers also must be trained about the harmful impacts of food wastage (Allata, Valero, Benhadja 2017). As the tip top ice cream company mainly deals in the ice cream and the dairy products, they must make use of the proper refrigerating facilities. The increasing availability of technologies cab greatly is used to enhance the logistics of the company. This will enable to control and monitor the risk areas to which the company is exposed to (Acar et al., 2017). This is one of the most essential aspects of the smart integration of the supply and logistics system of the food industry. This is highly useful in order to check and manage the food inventory of food and also the wastage of food that often can disrupt the production of the company. Value Generation Three of the most essential and significant value creation stages are- The first important thing that the company needs to do is to understand the demand of their customers. In other words, they need to understand what the driving forces are for their customers. The company has to understand and provide their customers with things that are actually important to them. Tip Top ice creams must understand the exact demand of their customers. They need to know the exact flavors that the customers are looking for or any additional benefits that the customers want. Market segmentation is also very much crucial here. Ice cream is something that has a huge demand for children, young adults but not that much for the old generation of people. Hence the company must de3sign their product in such a way so that it becomes much more attractive to that particular segment of targeted customers. Apart from this, they might also consider setting up a new branch at a particular geographical location that is easily accessible by the targeted group of customers (Grimm, Hofstetter Sarkis 2014). In proper to create value, the company will surely have to make some investments. However, this must be kept in mind that all these investments must be made in the right place that is for the right customers that will provide the right value in return. Sales promotion, product up gradations, RD everything must be done in order to suit the tastes of the targeted customers (Aung Chang 2014). Conclusion Thereby, it can be concluded from this paper that in proper to expand the business properly, the Tip Top ice cream company has to analyze and understand the customer demands. It is only after that they will be able to make modifications and up gradations in their supply chain and logistics. It is also necessary for them to integrate the supply chain and logistics system from time to time; keeping in mind the changing consumer needs and demands. Reference List Acar, M. F., Acar, M. F., Zaim, S., Zaim, S., Isik, M., Isik, M., ... Calisir, F. (2017). Relationships among ERP, supply chain orientation and operational performance: An analysis of structural equation modeling.Benchmarking: An International Journal,24(5), 1291-1308. Allata, S., Valero, A., Benhadja, L. (2017). Implementation of traceability and food safety systems (HACCP) under the ISO 22000: 2005 standard in North Africa: The case study of an ice cream company in Algeria.Food Control,79, 239-253. Aung, M. M., Chang, Y. S. (2014). Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives.Food control,39, 172-184. Beg, M. S., Ahmad, S., Jan, K., Bashir, K. (2017). Status, supply chain and processing of Cocoa-A review.Trends in Food Science Technology. Beske, P., Land, A., Seuring, S. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management practices and dynamic capabilities in the food industry: A critical analysis of the literature.International Journal of Production Economics,152, 131-143. Bigliardi, B., Galati, F. (2013). Models of adoption of open innovation within the food industry.Trends in Food Science Technology,30(1), 16-26. Eksoz, C., Mansouri, S. A., Bourlakis, M. (2014). Collaborative forecasting in the food supply chain: a conceptual framework.International Journal of Production Economics,158, 120-135. Govindan, K., Jafarian, A., Khodaverdi, R., Devika, K. (2014). Two-echelon multiple-vehicle locationrouting problem with time windows for optimization of sustainable supply chain network of perishable food.International Journal of Production Economics,152, 9-28. Grimm, J. H., Hofstetter, J. S., Sarkis, J. (2014). Critical factors for sub-supplier management: A sustainable food supply chains perspective.International Journal of Production Economics,152, 159-173. Juan Ding, M., Jie, F., A. Parton, K., J. Matanda, M. (2014). Relationships between quality of information sharing and supply chain food quality in the Australian beef processing industry.The International Journal of Logistics Management,25(1), 85-108. Manzini, R., Accorsi, R. (2013). The new conceptual framework for food supply chain assessment.Journal of Food Engineering,115(2), 251-263. Pang, Z., Chen, Q., Han, W., Zheng, L. (2015). Value-centric design of the internet-of-things solution for food supply chain: Value creation, sensor portfolio and information fusion.Information Systems Frontiers,17(2), 289-319. Sel, ., Bilgen, B. (2015). Quantitative models for supply chain management within dairy industry: a review and discussion.European Journal of Industrial Engineering,9(5), 561-594. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. van Elzakker, M. A. H., Maia, L. K., Zondervan, E., Raikar, N. B., Hoogland, H., Grossmann, I. E. (2014). Considering both Environmental Impact and Economic Costs in the Optimization of the Tactical Planning for the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Industry. Vellema, S., van Wijk, J. (2015). Partnerships intervening in global food chains: the emergence of co-creation in standard-setting and certification.Journal of Cleaner Production,107, 105-113.

Studies Show Black Women Are Healthier at a Higher Weight Than White Women

Studies Show Black Women Are Healthier at a Higher Weight Than White Women Studies reveal that African American women can weigh significantly more than white women and still be healthy. By examining two standards of measurement - BMI (body mass index) and WC (waist circumference) - researchers found that while white women with a BMI of 30 or more and a WC of 36 inches or more were at greater risk for diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, black women with those same numbers were considered medically healthy. African American womens risk factors did not increase until they reached a BMI of 33 or more and a WC of 38 inches or more. Typically, health experts consider adults with a BMI of 25-29.9 to be overweight and those with a BMI of 30 or greater to be obese. Peter Katzmarzyks Studies The study, published in the January 6, 2011 research journal Obesity and authored by Peter Katzmarzyk and others at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, only examined white and African American women. No similar racial difference between black men and white men were studied. Katmzarzyk theorizes that the weight gap between white and black women may have to do with how body fat is distributed differently throughout the body. What many call belly fat is primarily recognized as being a significantly greater health risk than fat in the hips and thighs. Dr. Samuel Dagogo-Jacks Findings Katzmarzyks findings echo a 2009 study by Dr. Samuel Dagogo-Jack  of the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis. Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the American Diabetes Association, Dagogo-Jacks research revealed that whites had more body fat than blacks, which led him to theorize that muscle mass may be higher in African-Americans. Existing BMI and WC guidelines are derived from studies of predominantly white and European populations and do not take into account physiological differences due to ethnicity and race. Because of this, Dagogo-Jack believes that his findings argue for a review of the existing cutoffs for healthy BMI and waist circumference among African-Americans. Sources: Kohl, Simi. Use of BMI and waist circumference as surrogates of body fat differs by ethnicity. Obesity Vol. 15 No. 11 at Academia.edu. November 2007Norton, Amy. Healthy waist may be a bit bigger for black women. Reuters Health at Reuters.com. 25 January 2011. Richardson, Carolyn and Mary Hartley, RD. Study Shows Black Women Can Be Healthy At Higher Weights. caloriecount.about.com. 31 March 2011.Scott, Jennifer R. Abdominal Obesity. weightloss.about.com. 11 August 2008.The Endocrine Society. Widely Used Body Fat Measurements Overestimate Fatness In African-Americans, Study Finds. ScienceDaily.com. 22 June 2009.

How Many Pounds in a Ton A Fascinating Story

How Many Pounds in a Ton A Fascinating Story SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The most basic answer to the question of how many pounds in a ton? There are 2000 pounds in a ton. Still feel confused? You're not alone. But why is the ton a measurement that no one ever quite understands or remembers? This conversion is endlessly confusing because a ton can refer to different forms of measurement. In this article, I’ll explain exactly what a ton is, what it measures, and how to convert tons to pounds. I'll go into the differences between a ton, a metric ton, and several other kinds of tons. And finally, I'll give you a brief history of this often mixed up and misused unit of measurement. The Basics: What’s a Ton? How Do You Convert Tons to Pounds? First things first: here are the most basic facts you should know about tons. If you live in the US, then when you encounter a reference to a ton, you're looking at a measurement of mass. The conversions for tons to pounds and pounds to tons are below: 1 ton = 2000 pounds 1 pound = 1/2000 of a ton But what if you dig a little deeper into this unit? Let’s check out some other kinds of tons around the world. What’s the Difference Between a Short Ton, a Long Ton, and a Tonne (Metric Ton)? One of the reasons the ton is such a confounding measurement is that there are actually three different kinds of tons in use around the world. Short Ton The United States has never adopted the metric system for measuring things. Instead, our country uses a system called customary units. To measure mass, this system uses pounds and ounces as well as the tons I described in the previous section. The US ton is called a short ton. 1 short ton is 2000 pounds. Long Ton The United Kingdom uses a mix of the metric system and the older Imperial system for its measurements. This means that they measure mass sometimes in kilograms and other times in units called stones. The ton that is used in Imperial measures is a little heavier than the US one, so the UK ton is called a long ton. 1 long ton is 2240 pounds. Tonne (or Metric Ton) Most other countries have by this point fully adopted the metric system, and use grams and kilograms to measure mass. The metric ton is never officially called a metric ton, and is instead called a tonne (pronounced just like the word â€Å"ton†). 1 tonne is 1000 kilograms, or 2,204.6 pounds. Short Ton, Long Ton, and Tonne Conversions 1 short ton = 0.89 long tons = .9 tonnes = 2000 pounds = 907 kilograms 1 long ton = 1.12 short tons = 1.01 tonnes = 2240 pounds = 1016 kilograms 1 tonne = 0.98 long tons = 1.1 short tons = 2204 pounds = 1000 kilograms So, in order from lightest to heaviest, it goes: 1 short ton 1 metric ton 1 long ton. Tons are like nesting dolls- each a slightly larger version of the next. Why Are There So Many Different Tons? The word "ton" originally comes from a measurement of volume called a â€Å"tun†- basically a very big wine-making cask. And you're right- this does, in fact, mean that originally a ton was a measurement of volume rather than mass! Eventually, it was determined that a tun could hold about 2000 pounds worth of wine, and the term "ton" evolved to describe this weight. The short ton and long ton measurements diverged when this wine-making measurement was standardized. In the US and the UK, the ton was defined as 20 hundredweights (another unit of mass). But, while in the US 1 hundredweight = 100 pounds, in the UK 1 hundredweight = 8 stones. Since 1 stone = 14 pounds, the UK hundredweight = 2 pounds. The US took the road less traveled- and that has made all the difference. At least as far as short tons are concerned. What Other Kinds of Tons Are There? In addition to the three types of tons above, there are many other sorts of tons that are used to describe a wide range of measurements. These less common tons are generally quite specialized, meaning you're unlikely to encounter them in your day to day life. Still, the diversity of usage certainly helps explain why the word ton is frequently so confusing. As we go through the other kinds of tons, notice how sometimes the ton is used to measure mass, sometimes to measure volume, and sometimes it's not a measurement at all- but instead a standard quantity! Tons in the Ocean At sea, tons typically have to do with measuring ships- and in this context, tons are generally a way to express volume rather than mass. Deadweight Ton. A volume measurement of a ship's carrying capacity, including cargo, ballast, crew, and supplies. It is expressed in tonnes or long tons. Register Ton (or Tonnage). A volume measurement of a ship’s cargo capacity. Tonnage isn’t the same thing as the weight of a ship (called â€Å"displacement†). Ton Class. A volume measurement that categorizes types of yachts based on the capacity of the hold. Displacement Ton. A measurement of the weight of a ship. It’s called â€Å"displacement† because you calculate it by measuring the volume of water that a ship displaces, and then converting this volume into weight. Tons in the Ground One of the uses of "ton" as a standard amount rather than a measurement happens with ore. Check out the "assay ton" to see that a ton can sometimes mean a very small amount of something! Dry Ton (or Tonne). A measurement of mass used for material that’s usually wet but has been dried for transportation (think sludge, slurry, or compost, for example). Assay Ton. This is not a unit of measurement, but is always either 29 1⠁„6 grams (short assay ton) or 32 2⠁„3 grams (long assay ton)- much lighter than a pound! This amount is the standard quantity of ore necessary for testing the ores of precious metals. Tons of Energy Here, the ton is so removed from its original meaning that it's used to measure energy output in the same way that units like the joule or the calorie do. Ton of TNT. This kind of ton is not a measurement of volume or mass, but instead, a specific amount of energy- 109 calories (about 4.184 gigajoules)- generally used to describe nuclear weapons or earthquakes. This energy unit hasn't had anything to do with the actual chemical TNT for a long time. Tonne of Oil Equivalent. Another standard energy value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. The very similar "tonne of coal equivalent" is the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of coal. Tons of Cold Ton of Refrigeration. This is a measure of heat absorption used for refrigeration and air conditioning, and comes from the days when cooling was accomplished only through ice. 1 unit ton of mechanical refrigeration is the capacity to meet the consumption of 1 ton of ice in 1 day. That's a good-looking ton of ship. So, Really, How Many Pounds in a Ton? All you really have to know is that in the US, a ton measures mass and is the same as 2000 pounds. It helps to have a general sense that the US short ton, the UK long ton, and the metric ton are slight variations on the same measurement. To be a ton superstar, you should remember that the ton started as a measurement of volume and is still used that way about ships.

Paper 3 (The Final) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Paper 3 (The Final) - Essay Example Beyoncà ©, on the other hand, had been a role model of popular culture for more than a decade now. She depicts talent and beauty that most young people look up to and desired to be. These two personalities in their own ways set the standards for beauty and define what popular culture is. By this, my paper will try to evaluate the effect of popular culture in people’s perception of beauty. I will explore two photos to prove that there is a connection between the photos, the popular culture and its role in influencing people’s lives and perspectives in terms of their social roles and in the aspect of beauty in particular. In her study â€Å"Britney, Beyoncà © and me – Primary school girls’ role models and constructions of the ‘popular girl’†, Barbara Read, discussed how gender and culture shape the values of young girls today into aligning them with what their role models are, like for example Lady Gaga and Beyoncà ©. According to Read (2), children’s peer culture play an important role in shaping the way they value things and construct meanings such that the more their friends want to become like their role models, they wanted the same things to happen to them too. According to the results of the study (Read 5), school girls look up to their female teachers primarily as their role models but this can be argued to be normal as teachers are the next best thing they normally look up to. The next school girls’ role models include female singers and performers such as Britney and Beyoncà © (Read 5). The photo above showed Beyoncà © as she performed Oxygen Festival in Ireland. The photo is an example of a framing vector in which the artist used edges of the image as well as other vectors within the image to direct viewer’s attention; this type was specifically used to include certain elements while excluding

E-mail protocol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-mail protocol - Research Paper Example Anonymity of all the parties together with message security and integrity can be ensured by use of digital signature protocols that make it possible for delivery of electronic mail to be certified. i. Several reasons make it necessary to certify delivery of electronic mail. These include: a. To eliminate the danger of hacking, reverse engineering and eavesdropping. b. To ensure that the parties to an electronic message remain anonymous to each other for security reasons. c. To make it possible to safely transfer information from one party to another or from one sender to multiple recipients while at the same time addressing the issue of repudiation. ii. Certifying delivery of electronic mail has several advantages over conventional mail because: a. It improves efficiency of mail delivery while at the same time taking care of security concerns. b. Either of the parties to the message is barred by the protocol from ever denying having received or sent the message. iii. The protocol ens ures that only the intended message is sent. E-mail Protocol Abstract The issue of security can never be overlooked in this digital age when it comes to corporate emails. A simple leakage of confidential information can create a huge social, economical and political scene that can be costly in terms of money. Therefore, the need to add value to delivery of important data over the internet to safeguard individual and corporate interests cannot be overemphasized. To guarantee delivery of email messages, it would be paramount to consider using certified mail and lay down stringent rules to govern employee conduct towards the use of conventional email. However, there are controversies that surround the use of certified mail in that it deals only with a single sender and a single recipient. So, what happens when there is the need to send an email message to more than one recipient? The answer lies in the use of a multi party certified e-mail protocol with multiple recipient capabilities. It enables the sender to realize his intention of sending similar message to multiple recipients. Any recipient who acknowledges receipt of the sender’s message is guaranteed to have received the email. To appreciate the role of email protocols best, it would suffice to not only consider how security loopholes can be sealed in the current internet infrastructure but also look at possible ways of curtailing weaknesses and optimizing on strengths of email protocol. Introduction Without email protocols, it would not be possible to maintain a consistent and orderly system for transporting, routing, handling, retrieval and storage of email messages. Email protocols provide the rules for governing such activities. There are several protocols that enable a mail server and a mail client to exchange information but this will be dealt with later on in this document. Though these protocols differ in some ways, yet they all follow similar pattern. First, one computer will normally start a conversation with another. Second, as the conversation is taking place, the server acknowledges the command using a certain code. The code informs about the success of the command or if an error occurred and finally the conversation is ended. The email protocol helps eliminate communication barriers in email systems thereby making it unnecessary to rely on proprietary protocols. This has the overall effects of making communication to be efficient by eliminating the need of

Syndicated Data And Standardized Services And Their Differences Marketing Essay

Syndicated Data And Standardized Services And Their Differences Marketing Essay At work, I am involved in the selection process of research suppliers for the sake of annual staff surveys, benefits surveys and for mystery shopper program and analysis, I realize the services offered by the research industry has grown greatly in the past decade. So I am interested to find out the kind of services research agencies offer, and about the marketing research industry worldwide. This paper is therefore relatively informational, in which I have included a lot of named research suppliers who were listed and found from the various book references, library and internet sources in order to support the different categories of the services. There will be little emphasis on opinionated discussion, as the objective of this paper aims to explain the syndicated data and standardized services offered by research agencies, distinguish their differences, various applications and sources of data. Both services are common nowadays in Asia, especially the SMEs (Small to medium sized ente rprise) that are using such research data for nurturing the success of their organizations, however the difficulties to operate a nation-wide approach in Asia is discussed. I have also included a sample of a standardized service in Hong Kong, WorkHKà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ by Towers Watson, in the area of job satisfaction survey and its process is shared here. Introduction What is Syndicated data and Standardized services Today, over $20 billion a year is spent on marketing/advertising/public opinion research services around the world. Spending on marketing research is $6.9 billion in the United States alone. During the past two decades, the research market has become highly concentrated, with about 54 percent of the market being held by the 50 largest worldwide organizations. The other half of the market is shared by a thousand or more small research firms. The concentration is even more pronounced in the United States, where the 10 largest firms account for 64 percent of total U.S. spending for marketing research (Wileys Marketing Research Industry and Research Ethics article, p.26). In the highly competitive retail market, understanding the customer is paramount. In order to fill in the gaps of consumers buying motive and actual buying, companies have to understand the customers, and of course, marketing research is the tool for gaining knowledge about the customers. Marketing research is a systematic gathering of information and such analysis of data gathered connects the consumers and the public to the marketer so as to identify the marketing problems and opportunities, assess marketing actions, manage the marketing performance, and improve the overall marketing process. Marketing research information is provided by research suppliers which can be either an internal supplier or an external supplier. Most manufacturers, retailers, and service businesses, such as McDonalds, Kraft Foods or American Airlines, have small internal marketing research departments, and Procter and Gamble (PG) has a large internal research department. External suppliers are outside marketing research companies hired to supply marketing research data; and they can be classified as full service supplier firms and limited service supplier firms; full service suppliers are companies that offer full range of marketing research activities, they provide standardized information which involves two broad classes, namely the syndicated data services and standardized services which this paper focuses to discuss. Figure 1.0 indicates the overall services provided by an information supplier. What it means by Syndicated Data and Standardized Services According to Curry (1993) and Kolb (2008), syndicated data is a form of external and secondary data supplied in a standardized format and ready-to-use routine information made available to multiple subscribers known as a syndicate in a common database, which means the information is not tailor made to meet the needs of any particular company or designed to solve client-specific problems, the data format is designed to provide a standard, ongoing vehicle to facilitate the collection of data. Syndicated data is provided in a common data base for a service fee charged to subscribers and these research firms which provide the data are known as syndicated data service firms. These suppliers offer syndicated data on a subscription basis to all subscribing members of the syndicate, such detailed information can be of value to companies in a specific trade but may not be available in libraries. Syndicated data suppliers collect data on a continuing basis regarding the consumption of a specif ic product or products or the purchasing behavior of a specific target market segment. These data are then sold to companies, which specify how much data they want and the analysis they require; the more data and analysis that are required, the higher the price and what they do not do is conducting research specifically for any single client company. With syndicated data, both the process of collecting and analyzing the data and the data itself are standardized, firms supplying syndicated data follow standard research formats and uniform reports that enable them to collect the same standardized data over time at periodic intervals. Common types of syndicated data measure retail sales, wholesale product shipments, consumer panels, advertising media audiences, advertising effectiveness, and consumer attitudes. ACNielsen TV Ratings and IRI are examples of two large syndicated data services firms, ACNielson collects information on TV and media viewing and also on ad recognition on the i nternet, anyone, including the public, can buy the products they sell by visiting their website. On the other hand, standardized services rarely provide clients with standardized data, rather, they provide the research process. Zikmund (2003, p.74) explained that standardized services refer to a marketing research process that is standardized and used to generate information for a particular user and the application of that standardized process will result in different data for each client, even though the standardized process is the same in gathering the data. For example, a client will use a standardized service firm to measure customer satisfaction, instead of developing its own process. Several other marketing research services, such as test marketing, naming new brands, pricing a new product, or using mystery shoppers, can be provided or purchased from standardized service firms. Synovates ProductQuest service assists in developing new products and improving existing products. Baltimore Research offers a Mock Trials service to clients involved in litigation, to listen to di fferent attorney presentations so that the litigants attorneys can have better presentation ways to impact the jurors. Advantages and Disadvantages of Syndicated Data and Standardized Services Advantages of Syndicated Data A key advantage of syndicated data is on the shared costs of the data among users as many clients may subscribe to the same information, thus making the cost of the service greatly reduced. Burns Bush (2010, p.205) made it clear that due to the quality of the data collected is typically very high and requiring a huge amount of cost, so the share of affordable cost with several users maintains the validity and reliability quality of the data. Another advantage is that the data are normally disseminated very quickly because of the routinized systems, standard procedures and methods used to collect and process the data over and over again on a periodic basis. Besides, the information is current, the more current the data, the greater is the use. Syndicated data services can at least aid in the formulation of the clients decision problem, suggest types of data for meeting the information needs, and service as a source of comparative data by which internal data from within the organizati on cannot achieve. Advantages of Standardized Services The advantage of using standardized service suppliers is mainly buying the experience of the research firm, especially when the buyer company does not have enough the experienced personnel to carry out a particular research process. Besides, using standardized services helps to reduce cost of the buyer when the trial and error process and potential errors can be minimized. Since the standardized service suppliers has been conducting the service for many clients regularly, their procedure is therefore efficient in delivering the result as compared to having the research processed by the buying company themselves. Most importantly is the time saved for buying company in collecting similar data by themselves, because several weeks or months may be required to design, pretest a survey or questionnaire, train the interviewers, devise a sampling plan, collect and process the data. In addition, such cost of the project could be tremendous but it can be much reduced by employing the services from external standardized suppliers. Due to the always availability of standardized services, it is therefore important in the marketing research application. Disadvantages of Syndicated Data Since the format is standardized, buyers have little control over what information is collected and must be satisfied with the standardized information received. Buyers may feel helpless if the units of measurement or definition of classes, recency of data, publication currencies and the units of geographical data are not appropriate which are summarized as the data fit problem. Burns Bush (2010, pp.205-6) gave a second disadvantage, that buyers must often commit to a long-term contract which only serves to secure the expenses required by the syndicated data supplier on the quality and vast scope of research. The last and most crucial disadvantage is that the same data is available to competitors, that is, what the client firm buy and see from the report, the competitors also see the same analysis and picture. Disadvantages of Standardized Services Naturally, the word standardized automatically implies the service is not customized, standard service suppliers do not design a service specifically for the clients project. Besides, Zikmund (2003, p.113) stated that the standardized service supplier may not know a particular industry well so it becomes the responsibility of the buying company to ensure the standardized service really fits their intention. This accuracy problem poses a limitation and can only be minimized if the buying company has a comprehensive knowledge of the research process so as to evaluate the accuracy of the data and assess the evidences regarding the quality of the data as well. Applications of Standardized Information Standardized information is a type of secondary data which can be either syndicated or standardized, in which the data collected and/or the process of collecting the data are standardized for all users. Standardized information can have many applications, in general, it includes measuring the consumer attitudes, clarifying market segments, conducting market tracking and monitoring the usage of media and effectiveness of promotional activities. Measuring consumer attitudes and opinion polls Burns Bush (2010, pp.206-207) gives plenty of examples for this kind of suppliers: The Maritz Poll uses a standardized process to ensure that consumer attitudes and opinions are properly measured, and these polls are examples of a standardized service. ESRIs Tapestryà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Segmentation is a standardized service that uses a process to profile residential neighborhoods. This information is purchased by clients desiring to better understand who their customers are, where they are located and how to reach them. The Yankelovich Monitor measures changing social values and their impact on consumers. It specializes in generating studies on mature populations, baby boomers and Generation Xers. These data are syndicated which is available to anyone who wishes to buy, and the information can be used for a variety of marketing decisions. Ipsos Public Affairs ® produces Ipsos Global @dvisor ® to study the companys proprietary audiences so that company can better understand how consumers and key stakeholders view its reputation as a brand. Coca-Cola is its subscribers. The Harris Poll measures consumer attitudes and opinions on government and economy, and other topics include politics, world affairs and legal issues. Harris poll is a source for identifying trend lines and is standardized information offering syndicated data. The Gallup Poll (http://poll.gallup.com/) measures public opinion polling on a wide variety of topics, such as domestic issues, private issues or world affairs, military and defense, stem cell research, smoking population percentage over time, etc. Gallup poll is syndicated data, as the information is available to all who wish to buy. Client firms can track attitudes of consumers toward buying private brands or their attitudes. Defining market segments This research method requires placing customers to share certain attributes, such as age, income, into homogeneous groups or market segments. The Stanford Research Institute, for example, conducts an annual survey of consumers and classifies them into homogeneous groups for market segmentation purposes. Some standardized information sources focus on members of the industrial market, two sources being the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system allow marketers to define industry types more specifically. Dun Bradstreet (DB) credit bureau collects vast amount of information on business firms, private and public. While SIC uses 4 digits codes and NAICS uses 6, DBs Duns Market Identifiers (DMI) uses 8 digits classification system to identify firms into very specific types of businesses. Since DB originated as a credit reporting firm and companies already supplied DB with detailed information about their operations, allow DB create databases containing a wide spectrum of business information. This is important if a marketer is trying to target specific business firms, however narrow their classification. Other standardized information sources provide information on members of the consumer market. SRI Consulting Business Intelligences (SRIC-BIs) VALSà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ program (www.sric-bi.com/VALS/) segments consumers by psychological and demographic measures, placed them in each of eight personality segments. This knowledge of consumers behaviors helps the client firm develop a deeper understanding of its target market consumer. Birn (2000, p.74) brought in the term, geodemographics, which describes the classification of usually small geographical areas and related to the characteristics of the inhabitants. Research firms specializing in geodemographics combine census data with survey data. Boyd, Walker Larrà ©chà © (1998, pp. 171-179) further substantiated this service by referring it as PRIZM, (Potential Ratings Index for ZIP Markets) which defines every neighborhood in the US based upon 66 household market segments. ESRIs Tapestryà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ also divides US residential ZIP cod es into 65 segments based upon selected demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Nielsen Claritas (http://www.claritas.com) and Acorn help sending promotion messages to targeted consumers and they have created desktop products that assist marketing managers to conduct regional and national segmentation studies. Knowing which market segments helps to make up a client firms potential customers. Conducting market tracking Tracking studies are those that monitor, or track a variable such as market share or sales over time. Tracking studies can tell a firm how well the products are being sold in retail outlets globally and also the sales status on competitors products. Nielsen SCANTRACK Services is based on syndicated retail scanning data, tracks thousands of products as they move through retail stores, allowing brand managers to monitor sales and market share and to evaluate marketing strategies. As for market tracking at the household level, it is gathered in homes using scanning devices or through the use of diaries and sending auditors to households. Nielsen Homescan ® Panel, uses scanning device to scan all bar-coded products brought home from all outlets. IRI ScanKey Consumer Network Household Panel, an example given by Malhotra Birks (2000), maintains a panel of consumer households that record purchases at outlets by using a handheld ScanKey wand. Todays technology is so advanced that a user o f information can easily be overloaded with information, various companies have therefore created decision support systems, data mining systems, expert systems and the like by using analytical tools to attach meaning to data, allowing marketers to make decisions in response to the quickly changing market conditions. Monitoring media usage and promotion effectiveness In order to measure the promotional effectiveness in media, readership, listenership effectiveness, some syndicated data service companies conduct studies on several forms of media. To track television, Nielsen Television Index (NTI) records television ratings data which are reported by DMAs (designed market areas). Naturally higher viewership of certain programs allow the television company to charge higher fee for advertisements. NTI also provides subscribers with audience characteristic information that allows potential advertisers to select audiences that most closely match their target markets characteristics. To track radio, Arbitron Panel provides syndicated data on radio station listening through selected samples who record their radio listening in diaries and Arbitrons Portale People Meter (PPMSM), a hand-held electronic device in the size of a mobile phone, automatically records the stations listened to. The procedures for measuring advertising effectiveness are standardized for comparing the results across studies. To track print, MRIs Starch Readership Survey is widely used for measuring the actual exposure of magazine ads to readers; Gallup and Robinson Magazine Impact Studies are another well-known syndicated service firms, aim to help marketers make decisions about what comprises a good ad. To track downloaded music, videos and recorded books, Nielsens SoundScan, VideoScan and BookScan separately provides information on the downloaded music, sales of VHS and DVD and sales of books. To track Multimedia, Simmons National Consumer Study gathers information on media usage linked to product usage, this information allows companies to determine the viewing/listening media habits of users. Nowadays, on-line consumer word of mouth or on-line consumer business have been shared through the internet world, via websites, blogs, facebook, discussion forums, companies can keep track of what is being said about them and their products by subscribing to BussMetrics from the Nielsen Company (Hester, 1996, pp. 169-170 and Burns Bush, 2010, pp. 219-222). Monitoring health related facilities and pharmaceutical products IMS Health Incorporated, as mentioned by Burn Bush (2010, p.76), is the worlds second largest research firm, providing services in over 100 countries. IMS services include pharmacy and hospital audits plus the measurement of disease and treatment patterns. Westat, Americas third largest research firm, conducts research and long-term follow-up surveys for agencies of the US government and businesses foundations. Major areas include health, education, social programs, environment and transportation. Sources and Suppliers of Data Primary and external syndicated Secondary Data Primary and secondary data are two main sources of data. Primary research starts from raw scratch, collected specifically for the research needs to solve the problem at hand. Secondary data already exists and are already published as they were collected for purposes other than the specific research needs at hand and usually used by someone else. Secondary data are therefore more economical than primary research which is a quick source of background information, but the format seldom meets the needs of the researcher. In a marketing problem definition process, analysis of available secondary data is an essential step and primary data should not be collected until the available secondary data have been fully analyzed. Scott (2009) alerted marketers with international marketing research that few problems may arise because customers may vary due to different cultures, traditions, beliefs and expectations. If this happens, separate country should collect individual countrys secondary info rmation and then compare the data difference, which means international marketing research better counts more on original primary data instead of secondary information. Primary data sources Primary data is original and normally organizations commission external researcher to establish the techniques, measurement and analysis for them. The technical aspects of conducting various types of primary marketing research relies on qualitative research methods, which means working with focus groups, conducting surveys, questionnaires, interviews and experiments. Wilson (2006, pp. 37) said this is a skilled task that requires careful thought and planning whereby a poorly designed questionnaire can jeopardize the response rates and provide incomplete or inaccurate data. Besides, determining the sample involves clearly specifying the types of respondent to be included, the number of respondents required and the method by which individual respondents will be selected. To conduct focus groups and interviewing, the researchers need to be well trained to ensure unbiased judgment and uphold the ethics to respect the rights of the respondents. Most companies will outsource the data colle ction process and rarely have it conducted by the companys internal personnel. Syndicated sources and Suppliers of Secondary Data Secondary data can be classified as coming from internal sources or external sources. Boyd et. al. (1998, p.80) specified clearly that internal sources can be available within the organization when every organization has at its disposal valuable internal secondary data, such as sales invoices, estimates of total annual usage of a product, advertising and promotion activities recorded, research and development and manufacturing reports or service by location, etc. that can be an important starting point for any marketing research project. External data can be available from various sources, such as government statistical publications, trade association data, books, bulletins, annual reports and business periodicals which can be free from library resources. Otherwise, external data sources not available in libraries are usually standardized data which are comparatively expensive. These secondary data are supplied by syndicated services suppliers to many client firms, anyone willing to pay the price can buy the data. One method of obtaining secondary data is frequently through surveys, which could be periodic surveys on the same set of variables conducted at regular intervals; or panel surveys to measure the same panel respondents over time but not necessarily on the same variable; or shared surveys are developed and executed for multiple clients when each of them share the cost. A number of firms maintain panels of respondents who are matched to the general population in terms of age, income and who agree in advance to participate in surveys, typically by mail or phone and response rates within the panels tend to be high and the demographic and lifestyle information are already available . Curry (1993) classified syndicated data sources as a) consumer data, b) retail data, c) wholesale data, d) industrial data, e) advertising evaluation data, and f) media and audience data. Consumer data normally relates to purchases and the circumstances surrounding the purchases. Kinnear Taylor (1991, pp.151-155, 164) provided examples of these suppliers: The National Purchase Diary (NPD, http://www.npd.com/) maintains over 30,000 households who keep diaries of purchases. The Marketing Research Corporation of America (MRCA) maintains a diary panel that records details on purchase of groceries and personal care items. Mediamark Inc. has annual survey that includes overall breakdown of usage by demographic category. The Roper Reports monitor public opinion and consumer behavior and interests on a broad range of social and political topics and on opinions of various consumer products and services. Yankelovich Clancy Shulmans Monitor Service conducts annual survey of households on social trends. Regarding consumers attitudes and buying behavior, Burgoyne Consumer Surveys provides in-store consumer on-the-spot reactions to marketing and product innovations, DDB Needham an d Gallup Omnibus conducts long term tracking of attitudes and opinions. PRIZM serves to explain, predict target consumer behavior while the Survey Research Center at University of Michigan monitors consumer consumption patterns, attitudes and intentions on financial issues. Retail Data collected focus on the products or services sold through the outlets and/or the characteristics of the outlets themselves. Hair, Bush Ortinau (2006, pp. 12-13) mentioned ACNielens Retail Index and Audits Surveys National Total-Market Audit provide data on total sales by product class, sales by brand and of competing brands in supermarkets, drugstores. IRI (http://www.infores.com/) and ACNielsen (http://www.acnielsen.com/) basically dominate the retail scanner business. Scanner data are collected in two separate forms (household level and store level) and for two distinct sets of clients (manufacturers and retailers). In addition, three other sets of data are also maintained, they are (a) prices, features and displays at the retail level; (b) coupons and other promotions (c) advertising on TV, print, radio. Audits Survey also provides National Restaurant Market index on the commercial restaurant market annually. Ehrhart-Babic Group provides syndicated in-store distribut ion data and new-product-introduction performance data through their National Retail Tracking Index. BehaviorScan and InfoScan by IRI assist in multiple market testing and tracking services while DBs National Scan Track provides projection to monitor displays in supermarkets. Wholesale data are warehouse shipment data used to estimate sales at retail. Birn (1999) told us that SAMI (Selling Areas-Marketing, Inc.) is the best known syndicated service of this type, especially for retail food stores. SAMIs data allow the client to analyze trends in sales or package size and the impact of promotions and competitive actions. These data also serve as an intermediary audit purpose in the distribution chain, wholesalers and formal examination of product movement by analyzing inventory. Pipeline Research Inc. provides audit service on warehouse inventories of drug products monthly. Then P-O-S Research audits the national warehouse movement and trend line of products sold through food store distribution, including grocery, frozen, dairy, household, health and beauty aids. Industrial data are more syndicated data services available to consumer goods manufacturers rather than to industrial goods suppliers. Birn (1999) shared that DBs Market Identifiers provides data on companies rated by DB, which can be used to construct sales prospect lists, identify sales territories, sales potentials, and so forth. McGraw-Hills Dodge Reports collects data from building material manufacturers and distributors so the data can be used in marketing building products while Polk Companys Motor Statistics provides vehicles registration data. Advertising Evaluation data help advertisers in measuring the effectiveness of their ad expenditures in broadcast and print media. AdTel, ARS (Advertising Research Service), CATS (Comprehensive Advertising Tracking System) offer comprehensive and continuous tracking of weight and quality of commercial ads in terms of GRPs (Gross Rating Points). Starch Message Reports, Gallup and Robinson Magazine Impact Studies are most widely used syndicated services on readership. Burns Bush (2010, p.150) cited Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) is a standardized, independent third party audit bureau, aims to confirm methodology, verification of lists and credibility of the content of magazines which are very helpful to the magazine industry providing advertisers with richer data on magazine readership. Media and audience data Media companies include advertising agencies, sales promotion companies, public relations agencies, and direct marketing firms which are all concerned with getting the right message to the right target market, the advertising effects of competitors, how much they are spending and the media mix, hence marketing research information is often required to accomplish this goal. For example, companies that advertise on network television want to select shows that reach their target customers most efficiently so they need information on the size, demographic and psychographics composition of the audiences for various TV programs. Firms like NMR and American Research Bureau provide standardized TV audience ratings to a syndicate group of clients. The Simmons Market Research Bureau compares audience characteristics. Kolb (2008, p.64) mentioned it would be greatly inefficient for company to collect these data by themselves, only ad agencies have internal research depar tment as they need to find the correct marketing message and the best image to represent a client company and also the best media to use. Marketing Evaluations, Inc., for example, offers several Q Scores ® services, one of its services measures the familiarity and appeal of performers, such as actors/ actresses, authors, athletes, sportscasters, and so forth. Such information helps companies to choose the most appropriate spokesperson or help a movie producer select a performer for an upcoming movie. Scott (2009) gave an interesting fact that Tom Hanks and Bill Cosby, for example, are performers who have high Q scores. Nielsen Media Researchs Nielsen Television Index (NTI), is another example of a syndicated data provider, supplying subscribers with data on TV viewing, available to anyone wishing to buy it. Arbitron and ACB (Advertising Checking Bureau) offer syndicated data on the number and types of listeners to the various radio stations. This standardized information helps advertising firms reach their target markets; and also helps radio stations define audience size and characteristics. One must not undermine the service by the research giant, VNU Inc. (VNU), founded in 1964, is a major international media and information company and the largest company owned by VNU is ACNielsen. Hair et.al. (2006) gave a thorough introduction of ACNielsen, that it is broken down into several companies: a) Nielsen Media Research (NMR) provides television audience measurement information; b) NetRatings Inc. (NR) reports on internet and digital media syndicated research; c) Entertainment Information Division (NE) serves the entertainment industry, including movies, music and home entertainment; d) Media Solutions Division includes PERQ/HCI providing healthcare audience measurement, Scarborough Research (SR) measures local and regional shopping patterns of American consumers, Standard Rate Data Services (SRDS) offers the worlds largest database on media rates, Interactive Market Systems (IMS) offers audience profiling. Single Source Data Single source data means continuously monitor a panel of respondents on media exposure, promotional material exposure, and buying behavior to measure their exposure to promotional material