Negotiations for Managers Essay

(1 – 50 are worth 1.2 points a piece) 1. Which is not a characteristic of a negotiation or bargaining situation? A)conflict between parties B)two or more parties involved C)an established set of rules D)a voluntary process E)None of the above is a characteristic of a negotiation. 2. Which of the following is not an intangible factor in a negotiation? A)the need to look good B)final agreed price on a contract C)the desire to book more business D)fear of setting a precedent E)All of the above are intangible factors. 3. Interdependent parties’ relationships are characterized by A)interlocking goals. B)solitary decision making. C)established procedures. D)rigid structures. E)Interdependent relationships are characterized by all of the above. 4. Satisfaction with a negotiation is determined by A)the process through which an agreement is reached and the dollar value of concessions made by each party. B)the actual outcome obtained by the negotiation as compared to the initial bargaining positions of the negotiators. C)the process through which an agreement is reached and by the actual outcome obtained by the negotiation. D)the total dollar value of concessions made by each party. E)Satisfaction with a negotiation is determined by none of the above. 5. Which of the following statements about conflict is true? A)Conflict is the result of tangible factors. B)Conflict can occur when two parties are working toward the same goal and generally want the same outcome. C)Conflict only occurs when both parties want a very different settlement. D)Conflict has a minimal effect on interdependent relationships. E)All of the above statements about conflict are true. 6. Which of the following contribute to conflict’s destructive image? A)increased communication B)misperception and bias C)clarifying issues D)minimized differences; magnified similarities E)All of the above contribute to conflict’s destructive image. 7. In the Dual Concerns Model, the level of concern for the individual’s own outcomes and the level of concern for the other’s outcomes are referred to as the A)cooperativeness dimension and the competitiveness dimension. B)the assertiveness dimension and the competitiveness dimension. C)the competitiveness dimension and the aggressiveness dimension. D)the cooperativeness dimension and the assertiveness dimension. E)None of the above. 8. Negotiators pursuing the yielding strategy A)show little interest or concern in whether they attain their own outcomes, but are quite interested in whether the other party attains his or her outcomes. B)pursue their own outcome strongly and shows little concern for whether the other party obtains his or her desired outcome. C)shows little interest or concern in whether they attain their own outcomes, and does not show much concern about whether the other party obtains his or her outcomes. D)show high concern for attaining their own outcomes and high concern for whether the other attains his or her outcomes. E)Negotiators pursuing the yielding strategy demonstrate none of the above behaviors. 9. A situation in which solutions exist so that both parties are trying to find a mutually acceptable solution to a complex conflict is known as which of the following? A)mutual gains B)win-lose C)zero-sum D)win-win E)None of the above. 10. T or F The parties prefer to negotiate and search for agreement rather than to fight openly, have one side dominate and the other capitulate, permanently break off contact, or take their dispute to a higher authority to resolve it 11. T or F When the goals of two or more people are interconnected so that only one can achieve the goal—such as running a race in which there will be only one winner—this is a competitive situation, also known as a non-zero-sum or distributive situation 12. T or f Negotiators do not have to be versatile in their comfort and use of both major strategic approaches to be successful. 13. Distributive bargaining strategies A)are the most efficient negotiating strategies to use. B)are used in all interdependent relationships. C)are useful in maintaining long term relationships. D)can cause negotiators to ignore what the parties have in common. E)None of the above describes distributive bargaining strategies. 14. The objective of both parties in distributive bargaining is to obtain as much of which of the following as possible? A)bargaining range B)resistance point C)target point D)bargaining mix E)None of the above. 15. The resistance point is established by the ____________ expected from a particular outcome, which is in turn the product of the ____________ and ____________ of an outcome. A)cost, value, worth B)value, worth, cost C)value, cost and timeliness D)cost, importance, value E)None of the above. 16. The more you can convince the other that you value a particular outcome outside the other’s bargaining range, the more pressure you put on the other party to set by one of the following resistance points. A)high B)low C)modest D)extreme E)None of the above. 17. T or F The resistance point is the point at which a negotiator would like to conclude negotiations. 18. T or F Each party’s resistance point is openly stated at the conclusion of negotiations. 19. T or F The more you can do to convince the other party that his or her costs of delay or aborting negotiations will be costly, the more likely he or she will be to establish a modest resistance point. 20. T or F Studies indicate that negotiators who make low or modest opening offers get higher settlements than do those who make extreme opening offers. 21. The bargaining range is defined by A)the opening stance and the initial concession. B)the initial round of concessions. C)the bargaining mix and the opening stance. D)the opening offer and the counteroffer. E)The bargaining range is defined by all of the above. 22. Good distributive bargainers will A)begin negotiations with the other party with an opening offer close to their own resistance point. B)ensure that there is enough room in the bargaining range to make some concessions. C)accept an offer that is presented as a fait accompli. D)immediately identify the other party’s target point. E)All of the above are actions that good distributive bargainers will take. 23. What statement about concessions is false? A)Concessions are central to negotiations. B)Concessions is another word for adjustments in position. C)Concession making exposes the concession maker to some risk. D)Reciprocating concessions is a haphazard process. E)All of the above statements are true. 24. Negotiators who make threats A)are perceived as more powerful than negotiators who do not use threats. B)receive higher outcomes than negotiators who do not use threats. C)are perceived as more cooperative in distributive negotiations. D)should use detailed, complex statements of demands, conditions and consequences. E)All of the above describe negotiators who make threats. 25. Hardball tactics are designed to A)be used primarily against powerful negotiators. B)clarify the user’s adherence to a distributive bargaining approach. C)pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do. D)eliminate risk for the person using the tactic. E)Hardball tactics are designed to accomplish all of the above. 26. The negotiator’s basic strategy is to A)get information about the opposition and its positions. B)reach the final settlement as close to the other’s resistance point as possible. C)convince members of the other party to change their minds about their ability to achieve their own goals. D)promote his or her own objectives as desirable, necessary, and inevitable. E)All of the above. 27. T or F Integrative agreements have been shown to be facilitated when parties exchanged information about their positions on particular issues, but not necessarily about their priorities on those issues. 28. T or F An integrative negotiation problem should be defined as a solution process rather than as a specific goal to be attained. 29. T or F In generating alternative solutions to the problem, groups should also adopt procedures for defining the problem, defining the interests, and generating options, however, to prevent the group process from degenerating into a win-lose competition or a debating event. 30. T or F â€Å"Expanding the pie† as a method of generating alternative solutions is a complex process, as it requires much more detailed information about the other party than do other methods. 31. Which of the following processes is central to achieving almost all integrative agreements? A)moderating the free flow of information to ensure that each party’s position is accurately stated B)exchanging information about each party’s position on key issues C)emphasizing the commonalties between the parties D)searching for solutions that maximize the substantive outcome for both parties E)All of the above processes are central to achieving integrative agreements. 32. In which major step of the integrative negotiation process of identifying and defining the problem would you likely find that if the problem is complex and multifaceted the parties may not even be able to agree on a statement of the problem? A)define the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides. B)state the problem with an eye toward practicality and comprehensiveness. C)state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal. D)depersonalizing the problem. E)separate the problem definition from the search for solutions. 33. Which of the following statements about interests is true? A)There is only one type of interest in a dispute. B)Parties are always in agreement about the type of interests at stake. C)Interests are often based in more deeply rooted human needs or values. D)Interests do not change during the course of an integrative negotiation. E)All of the above statements about interests are true. 34. Successful logrolling requires A)that the parties establish more than one issue in conflict and then agree to trade off among these issues so one party achieves a highly preferred outcome on the first issue and the other person achieves a highly preferred outcome on the second issue. B)no additional information about the other party than his/her interests, and assumes that simply enlarging the resources will solve the problem. C)that one party is allowed to obtain his/her objectives and he/she then â€Å"pays off† the other party for accommodating his/her interests. D)a fundamental reformulation of the problem such that the parties are disclosing sufficient information to discover their interests and needs and then inventing options that will satisfy both parties’ needs. E)Successful logrolling requires all of the above. 35. When confronted with complex problems, or a large number of alternative options, which of the following steps is necessary? A)broaden the range of solution options B)evaluate solutions on the basis of quality, standards, and acceptability C)decide on criteria while evaluating options D)maintain a focus on the influence of tangibles in selecting options E)All of the above steps should be used when confronted with complex problems. 36. In nonspecific compensation A)resources are added in such a way that both sides can achieve their objectives. B)one party achieves his/her objectives and the other’s costs are minimized if he/she agrees to go along. C)the parties are able to invent new options that meet each sides’ needs. D)one person is allowed to obtain his/her objectives and â€Å"pay off† the other person for accommodating his interests. E)All of the above are related to nonspecific compensation. 37. Which guideline should be used in evaluating options and reaching a consensus? A)keep the range of solution options as wide as possible B)evaluate the solutions on the basis of speed and expediency C)keep detailed records throughout the discussion and evaluation process D)be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options E)None of the above should be used in the evaluation process. 38. Which of the following is not necessary for integrative negotiation to succeed? A)Each party should be as interested in the objectives and problems of the other as each is in his/her own—each must assume responsibility for the other’s needs and outcomes as well as for his/her own. B)The parties must be committed to a goal that benefits both of them rather than to pursuing only their own ends. C)The parties must be willing to adopt interpersonal styles that are more congenial than combative, more open and trusting than evasive and defensive, more flexible (but firm) than stubborn (but yielding). D)Needs have to be made explicit, similarities have to be identified, and differences have to be recognized and accepted. E)All of the above are essential for integrative negotiation to succeed. 39. Which of the following factors does not contribute to the development of trust between negotiators? A)We are more likely to trust someone we perceive as similar to us or as holding a positive attitude toward us. B)We often mistrust people who are dependent upon us because we are in a position to help or hurt them. C)We are more likely to trust people who initiate cooperative, trusting behavior. D)We are more likely to trust negotiators who make concessions. E)All of the above contribute to the development of trust between negotiators. 40. What are the most critical precursors for achieving negotiation objectives? A)Effective strategizing, planning and preparation B)goal setting and target planning C)defining frames and setting goals D)framing and strategizing E)none of the above 41. Which of the following is not a reason that negotiations fail? A)Allowing insufficient time for planning B)Failing to set clear objectives C)Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of their and the other party’s positions D)Depending on being quick and clever during negotiations 42. A strong interest in achieving only the relationship outcomes suggests one, if any, of the following strategies. Which one? A)competitive B)accommodation C)collaborative D)avoidance E)none of the above 43. Getting to know the other party and understanding similarities and differences represents what key step in the negotiation process: A)preparation B)information gathering C)relationship building D)information using E)None of the above 44. What is the dominant force for success in negotiation? A)a distributive vs. integrative strategy B)the planning that takes place prior to the dialogue C)the discussions that precede planning sessions D)the tactics selected in support of strategic goals E)all of the above 45. Does any of the following represent the point at which we realistically expect to achieve a settlement? A)specific target point B)resistance point C)alternative D)asking price E)none of the above 46. If the other party has a strong and viable alternative, he/she will A)be dependent on achieving a satisfactory agreement B)appear aggressive and hostile in negotiations C)set and push for high objectives D)have unlimited negotiating authority E)all of the above 47. Under which of the following questions of protocol would you find a bargaining relationship discussion about procedural issues that should occur before the major substantive ones have been raised? A)What agenda should we follow? B)Where should we negotiate? C)What is the time period of the negotiation? D)What might be done if negotiation fails? E)How will we keep track of what is agreed to? 48. T or F If what we want exceeds what the other party is capable of or willing to give, we must either change our goals or end the negotiation. 49. T or F If both substance and relationship outcomes are important, the negotiator should pursue a competitive strategy. 50. T or F Alternatives are very important in both distributive and integrative processes because they define whether the current outcome is better than any other possibility. (51 – 54 are worth 10 points a piece) 51. Name the four levels of conflict that are commonly identified. Explain how conflict is a potential consequence of interdependent relationships. 52. What characteristics of original offer, opening stance and opening concession would signal a position of firmness? Of flexibility? What are the advantages of adopting a flexible position? 53. What tactics can be used to communicate firm flexibility to an opponent? In addition, what guidelines should be used in evaluating options and reaching a consensus? 54. Research by Greenhalgh suggests there are seven key steps to an ideal negotiation process. Which of the Greenhalgh seven steps of negotiation do Asian negotiators spend a great deal of time on? Why is this so important?

Mat540: Statistics Concepts for Research Paper

Childhood Obesity Mat540: Statistical Concepts for Research I Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 12. 5 million children and teens are obese. There are many things that contribute to this epidemic like poor diet and lack of physical activities to name a few. In this paper I will figure out if there is a correlation between childhood obesity and school cafeteria food. Many people feel that school cafeteria food is partly to blame for childhood obesity. I believe this is an example of correlation and causation.Data analysts often jump to unjustified conclusions by mistaking an observed correlation for a cause-and-effect relationship. A high sample correlation coefficient does not necessarily signify a causal relation between two variables (Johnson, (2010). Though I believe schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices tha t support healthy behaviors. Schools also provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. But they should not be blamed schools for childhood obesity.Studies regarding childhood obesity need to consider: socio-economic background, genetics, what is tough at home, and if parents are obese; before schools can be blamed. Obesity is a problem that affects Americans at an alarming rate across all age, race, and gender categories. No single group is immune to the causes, occurrences, and the recent increases in the rate of obesity. However, what may be of greatest concern for researchers is the fact that while Americans enjoys an increasingly higher standard of living; obesity among children continues to grow.Nevertheless, there is to date no cure, or even universal treatment for the problem of childhood obesity. This is partly due to an inability to precisely pinpoint the cause, or causes, of the increases. Thus, we are left with a debate over which causes play the greatest role in childhood obesity and a plethora of prevention and treatment theories. Yet at the same time, it is clear that the occurrence of childhood obesity places those afflicted at increased risk of health problems now and in the future.Overweight and poor nutrition of children in the United States are becoming issues of increasing concern for public health. Dietary patterns of U. S. children indicate that they are consuming too little fruits and vegetables and too many foods high in fat and sugar. Contributed to this pattern of food consumption is snacking, which is reported to be on the increase amongst adults and children alike. One place where snacking is under increased scrutiny, where it is being increasingly criticized, is in U. S. chools, where snack foods are often to sold to supplement inadequate budgets (Crooks, (2003). â€Å"Essentially overweight and obesity result from energy imbalance. The body needs a certain amount o f energy (calories) from food to sustain basic life functions. Body weight is maintained when calories eaten equals the number of calories the body expends, or â€Å"burns. † When more calories are consumed than burned, energy balance is tipped toward weight gain, overweight, and obesity. Genetic, environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors can all lead to overweight and obesity† (Butte, (2007).Although some school cafeterias get a failing grade in nutrition, others are working hard to serve healthy meals for breakfast and lunch and to banish junk food from the premises. According to a new survey (Alliance for a Healthier Generation, 2009), most parents want schools to limit students’ access to high-calorie, low-nutrient chips, sodas, and candy and to provide more opportunities for physical activity throughout the day. I remember my days in school when lunch consisted of fries, pizza and burgers. Today schools are trying to give their students some healt hier options.However teachers cannot force children to eat healthy food and exercise on a regular basis. They can provide children with a good idea of what foods that they should and should not eat. However this information is rendered useless if parents do not follow up on it at home. Ideally parents should take the time to teach their child what they should eat so that they grow up strong and healthy. They can do this by teaching their children about good nutrition and backing it up with healthy breakfasts, lunches and dinners.Parents should lead by example as children look to their parents for tips on how they should behave. This is evidenced by the fact that most obese children have obese parents. Parents can teach their kids to lead a healthier lifestyle by educating them on the importance of good food, regular exercise and how calories work. By doing this they will be able to take charge of their weight by making educated choices on their food and exercise routines. Whether in matters of social development or physical health, parents are typically considered the primary agents of children’s socialization and well-being.Also suggested to help curb childhood obesity parents need to improve their knowledge of child nutrition and decrease television viewing (Gable and Lutz, (2000). In conclusion the childhood obesity problem cannot be placed solely in the hands of schools. Childhood obesity is a global health challenge with no single cause and no single solution. This challenge demands more than individual efforts. It demands changes in public health policies and in the built environment at the local, state, and federal levels to prevent obesity beginning in early childhood and to make treatment available to overweight and obese children and adolescents.Without a concerted, cohesive effort to reverse the obesity epidemic, today’s children will have shortened lives filled with chronic illness. After all, schools seem to be natural places in whic h to enact cost-effective interventions on children. But schools do not seem to be good at drastically changing a student’s weight, and the elimination of junk food sales in schools is unlikely to upend the child obesity epidemic. The challenge is to develop interventions that reach into the home and community.Perhaps those interventions can start with schools, but they must reach beyond them to be effective. References Butte, Nancy F. ; Christiansen, Edmund and Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. (2007)  Energy ImbalanceUnderlying the Development of Childhood Obesity,http://www. nature. com/oby/journal/v15/n12/full/oby2007364a. html Crooks, Deborah L. (2003) Trading Nutrition for Education: Nutritional Status and the Sale ofSnack Foods in an Eastern Kentucky School Medical Anthropology Quarterly, NewSeries, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Jun. , 2003), pp. 82-199; Blackwell Publishing on behalf of theAmerican Anthropological Association Gable, Sara; Lutz, Susan (2000) Household, Parent, and Child Co ntributions to ChildhoodObesity Family Relations, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul. , 2000), pp. 293-300, National Council onFamily Relations Johnson, R. A. , & Bhattacharyya, G. K. (2010). Statistics: Principles & methods. –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sixth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Tamsin McMahon. (2011, June 11). Out to lunch? ; Policing snacks and BMI grades are no wayfor schools to fight flab: critics. National Post,A. 6. Retrieved March 13, 2012, fromBanking Information Source. (Document ID: 2373557331).

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning growth regulation

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning growth regulation Should artificial intelligence be regulated? Can it be regulated? And if so, what should those regulations look like? These are difficult questions to answer for any technology still in development stages ? more mainstream regulations, like those on the food, pharmaceutical, automobile and airline industries, are typically applied after something bad has happened, or retroactively, and not in anticipation of a technology becoming dangerous. But AI has been evolving so quickly, and the impact of AI technology has the potential to be so great that legislators prefer not to wait and learn from mistakes, but plan ahead and regulate proactively. Lawmakers and regulators need to look at AI not as a homogenous technology, but instead as a set of techniques and methods that will be deployed in specific and increasingly diversified applications. To be sure, there is currently no generally agreed-upon definition of AI. What is important, however, to understand from a technical perspective is that AI is a rich set of sub disciplines, methods, and tools that bring together areas such as speech recognition, computer vision, machine translation, reasoning, attention and memory, robotics and control, etc. These techniques are used in a broad range of applications, spanning areas as diverse as health diagnostics, educational tutoring, autonomous driving, or sentencing in the criminal justice context. The possibilities are truly endless. But as a growing number of increasingly impactful AI technologies make their way out of research labs and turn into industry applications, legal and regulatory systems will be confronted with a multitude of issues of different levels of complexity that need to be addressed. Both lawmakers and regulators as well as other actors will be affected by the pressure that AI-based applications place on the legal system including courts, law enforcement, and lawyers, which highlights the importance of knowledge transfer and education. Given the speed of development, scale, and potential impact of AI development and deployment, lawmakers and regulators will have to prioritize among the issues to be addressed in order to ensure the quality of legal processes and outcomes?—?and to avoid unintended consequences. Different legal and regulatory regimes aimed at governing the same phenomenon are often closely linked to the idea of jurisdiction. In fact, the competition among jurisdictions and their respective regimes has positive effects by serving as a source of learning and potentially a force for a â€Å"race to the top.† However, discrepancies among legal regimes can also create barriers when harnessing the full benefits of the new technology. Examples include not only differences in law across nation states or federal and/or state jurisdictions, but also normative differences among different sectors. These differences might affect the application as well as the development of AI tech itself. As AI applies to the legal system itself, however, the rule of law might have to be re-imagined and the law re-coded in the longer run. The rise of AI leads not only to questions about the ways in which the legal system can or should regulate it in its various manifestations, but also the application of AI-based technologies to law itself. The future relationship between AI and the law is likely to become even more deeply intertwined. Implementations might take different forms, including â€Å"hardwiring† autonomous systems in such ways that they obey the law, or by creating AI oversight programs (â€Å"AI guardians†) to watch over operational ones. At least some of these scenarios might eventually require novel approaches and a reimagination of the role of law in its many formal and procedural aspects in order to translate them into the world of AI, and as such, some of today’s laws will need to be re-coded.

Compile a report evaluating how a National Governing Bodys Sports Essay

Compile a report evaluating how a National Governing Bodys Sports Equity Policy conforms to the guidelines set out by Sport England - Essay Example In order to eliminate the inequalities that exist within the sport traditionally Sport England has brought out the Equity Guidelines for the governing bodies which contains, apart from a five stage inclusion plan, specific advices on race, disability and gender to the effect that sports activities should be extended to all the people without any discrimination. The guidelines also deal with the provision of opportunities for ethnic minority communities, disabled people and women in sports activities. This paper envisages bringing out a report as to whether the National Governing Bodies formulated by the Sport England are following the equity guidelines prescribed by the parent body in the promotion of sports activities, specifically the National Governing Body covering the sport of Football (Soccer). It is an established principle that all the governing bodies have ethical, moral and business responsibility to plan and provide equal opportunities to a wider range of participants. Keeping this idea in view Sport England has issued guidelines governing the sports equity to be followed by the governing bodies. ... gender, and aspirations of all the different priority groups." As distinct from the 'equal opportunities' 'Sports Equity' covers a wide range of activities and issues connected with sports like participation and membership, service delivery, selection of voluntary committees and appointment of voluntary coaches. Sports Equity principles provide a number of benefits to the society in general. The Sport England Equity guidelines detail some of these benefits which are: Fair and effective employment practices to all segments of the society Enhancement in the revenue by increase in the number of members Provision of services to the needy customers and members Availability of an enlarged forum of professional assistance from able administrators, leaders. Coaches and managers Improved public image as a professionally organized and forward thinking organization Increasing the representation of all communities in the various positions of committees, volunteers, staff, management and executives 3.0 National Governing Bodies: As per the definition provided by Deloitte & Touche - Investing in Change p9 a National Governing Body is the one which carries out most if not all of the following functions: Sets out and implements the strategic vision and direction for the sport; Promotes the sport; Manages the rules and regulation of the sport, including anti-doping procedures; Manages the sports officials; Establishes and maintains links with the sports' international representative; Encourages participation; Develops talent, including elite athletes; and Organises and hosts competitions. 4.0 Stages to the Planning Process for inclusion of Equity Guidelines: In order that the Sports Equity Policies are effectively implemented the Sport England organization has prescribed five

Managing projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing projects - Essay Example 1). It involves how to be able to successfully carry out a task up to the end of its schedule set up by the project manager or client. It is managing an activity which can be about a project at work, school or home. Managing projects can be a deciding factor in the success of an organisation. In a manufacturing plant, production of goods cannot be successfully carried out without project management. Operations management deals with decision-making related to productive processes to ensure that the resulting products are produced according to specifications. In the field of education, project management is designing learning experiences that link practice and theory (Miller, 1991, cited in Falkenberg et al., 2000, p. 745). This essay deals with situations and guidelines for the success of a project by the project manager and his team. All projects involve a manager and a team who must work hand in hand up to its success. Managing projects is one of the most challenging tasks in organisations today. Since earlier times, people undertook projects as organised human activity. Early humans in primitive days conducted hunting activity as a means of searching and providing food for the community. This activity was conducted with a plan and a process. As civilizations began and progressed, projects became wider and complicated in scope; they involved more sophisticated machinery and complicated processes. Some of the big projects that we can recall are the Great Wall of China, the Great Canals, Suez and Panama, and other big projects involving buildings, structures, and bridges in the different parts of the world. (Frame, 2003, p. 1) In the 1900s, rapid industrialisation and demands of munitions production in World War I saw the emergence of management scientists and industrial engineers such as Elton Mayo and Frederick Winslow Taylor who studied people and productivity in factories. Henry Ford made production-line manufacture famous with his Model T

Chapter 14 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 14 - Assignment Example n should be developed in such a way that ensures that customers are satisfied with the products and services being offered by the firm (Dawson, 2012). The major requirements for ISO certification are that business processes should be defined in an explicit manner. The policy of quality should be stated that reflects upon the commitments of the organization. The policies are usually developed by the top management as they are the decision makers of the organization and know in which direction the firm has to progress. There should be objectives set for quality and performance of the firm. There should be a quality manual present with the firm, procedures of administration and training should be in there in the form of manual or policies. There should be the tracking processes of suppliers as well as feedback of the customers. A manager should be there in the firm as a representative, reviews of management team should be conducted regularly, internal and certification audits should be conducted (What is Really Required for ISO 9000?, 2012). ISO standards can be related to American companies doing business internationally in many perspectives. One of the most important perspectives is that when American companies plan to conduct their operations at an international level, they need to maintain their quality level in their operations as well as in the products and services produced by them. ISO standards help organizations in providing them with a framework of what all should be included in maintaining quality in the organization. Standard formats, rules and regulations regarding quality help organizations in maintaining the required level of quality in business operations. Through ISO 9000 organizations have the opportunity to identify the problems in their organization regarding quality (Benefits of ISO 9000, 2012). International countries may allow access to ISO certified organizations willingly. This way American organization can also easily make their global

Human Rights Act 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Rights Act 1998 - Essay Example Who will then protect the ordinary citizen from suffering from the wrath of the angry Queen of Hearts (the executive) and give them a chance to have their cases reconsidered and to achieve procedural and substantive justice Our saviour is of course the remedy of Judicial Review through the Human Rights Act 1998 which has become more of an eye sore to the Executive in the yester decades as the Judiciary continues to "check and balance" an unruly, highly political executive through the not so recent Human Rights Act 1998 which seems to have absorbed in the veins of judicial activism and recent case law with much ease. The promulgation of the Human Rights Act 1998 was one giant step towards the process of judicial review of administrative action in the United Kingdom in the context of its constitutional significance. Judicial review has shifted the growing balance of power which is shifting in the favour of the courts in their "Judicial Activism" since the 1960's which has often alarmed the members of the executive with many academic commentators defending this as "inevitable" in the face of the expanding role of the State1 and increasingly draconian legislation (especially in the area of Immigration and Terrorism law post 9/11 and 7/7).Prior to the Human Rights Act 1998 the English approach to a systematisation of judicial review was remedial based and thus similar to the development of the prerogative writs2 which developed as personal requests by an individual to the King for the redressal of a wrong suffered by another individual.3The UK has no separate system of administrative courts (and the concept never found favour with the system either eversince the abolition of infamous prerogative Star Chamber).Thus the present administrative review system of England can be described as a body that combines both a substantive body of law containing grounds of review and a large number of administrative tribunals dealing with statutory appeals from decisions of public bodies. Thus it is possible to see that the British Constitution is largely unwritten to date with the exception of the new review powers for the courts introduced by the Human Rights Act 1998. The Act goes a long way in securing the rights and freedoms of the British Citizens in a many ways.In particular the recently promulgated Human Rights Act 1998 makes it unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right(Section 6(2)) would certainly subscribe to the Pure Ultra Vires view discussed above. This Act provides a "statutory basis" to judicial review of administrative action. Moreover the Human rights Act 1998 has played a significant large role in strengthening the judiciary's stance against unwarranted access by the public authorities and as well as helping them declare any UK law incompatible with the Human Rights Act 1998.However even though the role of the Act has been lauded by many circles in the

Explaination of poem and find out the figuratives PowerPoint Presentation

Explaination of poem and find out the figuratives - PowerPoint Presentation Example They also look for women with whom to sleep once drunk The author also says that water had no color to insinuate that when it comes to drinking, there is no discrimination. Even among sworn enemies like the occupants of Lebanon and Damascus, people tend to get along quite well in their drunken stupor. This underscores the irony behind drinking habits. The attitude and the tone of the poem are condescending and positive. The poet wonders why people cannot do certain things when they are sober. MacEwan notes that while drunk, people also do shameful things that they would not do under normal circumstances. The poet also highlights that even in the most drunken stupor; drunken people have a way of finding their way home. Some get home sweaty and sometimes with urine on themselves (brine and ammonia). Throughout the poem, the poet shifts between themes of carelessness, sexual immorality and friction because of drinking. All throughout the poem, the poem uses metaphor and symbols to allocate various meanings to the word

Mcdonald's Marketing Campaign 2012 Research Paper

Mcdonald's Marketing Campaign 2012 - Research Paper Example Consumers want transparency and high standard of service. People want to take this as an opportunity to clarify all sorts of doubts and controversies that they have been hearing with regards to McDonalds over the years like the processing of chicken waste in the making of McNuggets etcetera. â€Å"Things from beef grades to the pink slime controversy are being questioned, and at first glance it seems as though McDonald’s is going to do something radical about our concerns† (Falconi, 2012). McDonalds might have achieved the intended aim behind running this campaign had all questions been answered objectively. However, McDonalds has still not confirmed its plans of addressing the concerns of the consumers. Lack of addressing of the questions has made the consumers think that McDonalds is doing false advertising. Many answers are cynical and manipulative rather than simple and straight-forward. Rather than answering the consumers’ questions, McDonalds is trying to find its way out smartly which is as frustrating for the consumers as difficult it is for McDonalds. Many answers are merely correction of the questions rather than answers (Falconi, 2012). The tricky answers have even shaken the trust of those consumers who had placed confidence in McDonalds meals before the campaign. Consumers are always curious to know more about a brand whether or not they are loyal to it. Any campaign that invites any question from the consumers without any restraint is bound to fail because consumers tend to take benefit of the situation and come up with cheesy questions. An organization has to establish limits somewhere because if everything is made transparent, it becomes very hard to make profits. Every organization has certain secret strategies that help the organization get competitive advantage. Complete transparency slips everything over to the stakeholders and the

Disc 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disc 1 - Essay Example The human and resources department in many companies fill the gap of motivating the employees by ensuring that they retain the talent in the company (Kokemuller, 2009). Companies like coca-cola have for a long time rewarded and created an environment for its employees to grow and be innovative in their respective roles. The company offers further training to talented staff at Coca-Cola University (Coca-Cola Company, 2011). The incentives are fostered by the human and resources department that identifies talented employees and avails the incentives to develop for them. The Human and resource department plays significant roles that are crucial to helping the company achieve its goals and objectives. The department plays the central role of rewarding the hard working employees by pay rises and promotions (Kokemuller, 2013). Kokemuller, N. (2013, July 22). Functions That the HR Attempts to Fulfill in Any Organization. Retrieved may 21, 2014, from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/functions-hr-attempts-fulfill-organization-49597.html Richard, L. (2013, June 01). Top Three Recommendations for Implementing an HR Strategy in an Organization. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from Chron:

Social Policy - Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Social Policy Diabetes Essay Examine a contemporary social issue (which may or may not have been covered during the module) paying particular attention as to why this issue has become problematic and for whom. Also, consider what should be done about your chosen issue and any role that nursing/social work might have in dealing with it. A social issue can be defined as ‘social conditions identified by scientific inquiry and values as detrimental to human well-being’ (Manis 1976). I believe that a social issue can be anything that affects a person in a bad way and affects their standard of living. It could be something from a health problem to something to do with a financial issue within someone’s home. I am going to focus on the health of the public and have chosen to pay attention to the social issue of diabetes type 2. I am going to pay particular attention to why diabetes has become problematic in the community and for who it is causing a problem to. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level, or your body is unable to use the insulin that is produced (NHS Choices). You are likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are over the age of 40, have a relative with the condition or are overweight. A person is normally thought to have type 2 diabetes if he or she does not have type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) or monogenetic diabetes (WHO). Patients that suffer from type 2 diabetes generally are given dietary guidance so that they can manage their blood sugar and they are also advised to take their blood sugar once a day to make sure that it is regular. Patients should also increase physical activity and control their weight. It is important that diabetes type 2 is controlled so that it doesn’t progressively get worse and lead to diabetes type 1 diabetes which would mean the patient would become insulin dependent. Diabetes type 2 is problematic for the patient as during everyday living they have to make sure they are aware of what they are eating and doing to make sure they control their own blood sugar to keep themselves healthy. A patient suffering from type 2 diabetes might feel self conscious at meal times as they may have to eat something different to the people they are dining with. This can cause the person’s self esteem to be decreased and they could be embarrassed to eat around other people as they might feel like they are being segregated from the group. A patient also has to exercise regularly which they might find difficult to fit into their lifestyle but in order to control their blood sugar effectively it should become an important part of their everyday life. It can also be problematic on the health costs. Current estimates suggest that direct health cost of diabetes accounts for 5% of the UK health cost (Payne, Barker 2010). This percentage doesn’t even include the full cost of the problem. There are also costs related to sickness from work, disability and more than 10% of hospital bed days. Since 1996 the number of people diagnosed with diabetes has increased from 1. 4 million to 2. 9 million. Most of these cases will be Type 2 diabetes, because of our ageing population and rapidly rising numbers of overweight and obese people. This suggests to us that the demands on the health service are going to increase which will therefore cost more money. These statistics also tell us that an increase in obesity is going to affect diabetes. Obesity is increasing in the UK such that over half the population are now overweight or obese. This has significant health consequences, causing an increase in the risk of diabetes (Payne, Barker 2010). The government have suggested that obesity is resulting in health costs increasing and life expectancy decreasing. One of the social consequences for a person that is obese or overweight is that they are seen negatively upon and discriminated against. This can happen in all situations in social environments and can affect a person in many different ways such as low self-esteem and depression. Obesity is causing an increase risk of diseases that are associated with it. This will also increase health costs as well as making the health of the public worse. If type 2 diabetes is not controlled then type 1 diabetes can develop. This is worse because the patient becomes dependant on insulin. It usually develops in the teenage years of someone’s life. This has to be given my subcutaneous injection (Payne, Barker 2010), this makes sure that the insulin levels are regular and forms the basis of dietary management. They will also have to regularly check their blood sugars. They will often need monitoring, assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors because they have many features of metabolic syndrome. There are many different complications that are caused by diabetes. If you have diabetes, you are up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or have a stroke (WHO). When the blood glucose levels are increasing it results in the furring and narrowing of your blood vessels which may result in a poor blood supply to the heart. This can lead to a heart attack or a stroke. This doesn’t only put the patient’s life at risk but it also results in a huge cost on the NHS. It can also affect the patient’s family a friends hugely emotionally but also physically if they are in need of care after the event. It can change the patient’s life style dramatically. It is not only the blood vessels near the heart that are affected it is also the blood vessels in the nerves. This sometimes causes a tingling sensation in your limbs. If the nerves in the digestive system are affected a patient may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. This will make the patient’s life very uncomfortable. Blood vessels in the retina can become blocked or leaky, or can grow haphazardly. This prevents the light from fully passing through to your retina. If it is not treated, it can damage your vision (NHS Choices). If a patient doesn’t control their blood sugar levels they are very likely to develop serious eye problems. Having an annual eye check up with a specialist, an ophthalmologist, can help to see the signs of an eye problem sooner so that it can be treated. Another problem that diabetes can lead to in a blockage of the blood vessels in the kidney, this makes the kidneys work less efficiently. In very rare cases this can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or even a kidney transplant. Another reason why diabetes affects people’s health and health costs is because 1 in 10 people with diabetes get a foot ulcer (WHO). Damage in the nerves of the foot can mean that small nicks and cuts are not noticed. They will not be noticed because the nerves are damaged the patient with these small cuts won’t feel the pain from them. If these small cuts are not noticed a serious infection can occur and it can lead to the development of a foot ulcer. If patients develop nerve damage they should check their feet every day and report any changes to a nurse or doctor. When a nurse is visiting a patient with diabetes they should look out for sores and cuts that do not heal as well as puffiness and swelling. There are always going to be other side effects to having diabetes but these are the most common. Another problem that diabetes can cause is an increased risk of a miscarriage or stillbirth. It is important that women that are pregnant are aware that they have diabetes so that the blood sugar level can be carefully controlled during the early stages of pregnancy. If it is not carefully controlled there is also an increased risk of the baby developing a birth defect (NHS Choices). Pregnant women with diabetes will usually have their antenatal check-ups in hospital or a diabetic clinic. As a nurse it is important we make sure pregnant women with diabetes are aware of this. This allows the care team to keep a close eye on the patient’s blood sugar levels and control your insulin dosage more easily, if you regulate your blood sugar using insulin. They will also be able to monitor the growth and development of your baby. Pregnant women are also at risk of having larger babies than normal which causes problems during the birth of the baby as well as the late stages of pregnancy. It can cause other problems to the mother during the birth such as ripping on the vagina or even to the stage they have to go through with a suzerain. All of these side affects cost the NHS money. This can be reduced by people eating healthier and exercising so that they do not form the illness of diabetes in the first place. One example of how much diabetes can cost health services is the Lucentis injection. This is a shot that helps to prevent people with severe diabetes going blind but it costs ? 1000. This is a huge amount of money when you put it into proportion to the amount of people that have diabetes in the UK. With around 5,000 new cases a year, NICE is reluctant to recommend the use of Lucentis for treating DMO, diabetic macular oedema (Global Diabetes Community). ‘A report by the NHS entitled Prescribing for Diabetes in England reported that over the last 5 years, the cost of drugs and treatments alone in order to treat people with diabetes had risen by 40% from ? 458.  6 million in 2004/5 to ? 649. 2 million in 2009/10’. These statistics tell us that the number of people in the UK with diabetes has risen. This could be due to the fact that the number of people that are obese in England has risen. The UK is the fattest country in Europe. The number of obese adults is forecast to rise by 73% over the next 20 years from to 26 million people, resulting in more than a million extra cases of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer (Global Diabetes Community). The cost of diabetes in 2010 was 13. 750 billion pounds just for the year on the NHS. This cost includes the treatment, drugs, inpatients and outpatient appointments for diabetes type 1 type 2. There is also other services that are included into the treatment such as the social service. The amount of money that is spent on each type of diabetes for each different area of expenditure can be seen in appendix 1. The cost of in patients with diabetes is the greatest. This is due to the fact when diabetes gets so severe people need time in hospital to recover and be treated for other illnesses that diabetes has caused them. Type 1 diabetes cost 1. 802 billion pounds in 2010 where as diabetes type 2 diabetes cost 11. 718 billion pounds. This is due to the fact type 2 diabetes is more common in the UK. Although it can be controlled by changing your lifestyle it is not always diagnosed and therefore can cause more problems than if the patient was aware they had this condition. There should always be actions in place to try and decrease the number of people in the UK that have diabetes. Published in 2001, The National Service Framework for Diabetes contains nine standards for the provision of high quality diabetes services in what it recognised as a growing area of need. The prevention of type 2 diabetes will play a major part in this because if people are eating healthier and exercising more they are less likely to form diabetes type 2 but if they do people should be able to identify that they have diabetes in order for them to control their own condition. By controlling their own blood sugar they will be less likely to end up in hospital with another illness related to this condition. In order to do this the NHS want to see public awareness campaigns to communicate the seriousness of diabetes and its complications, the risk factors of type 2 diabetes (Young 2011) This should hopefully point the public in the right direction to whether they have diabetes so that they can seek help and advice in order to keep as healthy as possible in their everyday life. It is important that as nurses we give advice to our patients they importance of NHS checkups and healthy living so that patients with diabetes reduce the risk of illness. As a nurse health promotion is always important for any condition. Health promotion has evolved into an extremely broad sphere of activity encompassing health education, lifestyle and preventative approaches (Scriven, Orme 2001). As nurses we have to concentrate on improving the health of our patients and the public. One way in which we can promote health to our patients is while we are working alongside them in hospital is to provide structured information in preparation for stressful events (Macdonald, Bunton 1992). When a patient has diabetes it could mean that we give the patient information about how to manage this condition at home so that they live a healthy lifestyle. There is a lot of substantial evidence that suggests passing on information to the patient and communicating with them reduces anxiety and speeds up recovery time. More recently, the need to adopt more individualised, patient-centred approaches, incorporating a recognition of the importance of self-efficiency beliefs and the wider barriers to taking health action, has been widely recognised (Norton 1998). This could suggest that one patient may just need the advice to be told to them while another patient needs instructions on how to use this advice at home, maybe written down or extra support at home depending on the health and well-being of this particular patient. While I was on placement it was an important job to help the patients chose what they would like to eat the next day by filling in a menu. For a diabetic they would have different choices and then a pudding with less sugar in to the other patients. It was important that as a student nurse helping them I helped to promote the healthier options to all patients in order for them to eat a healthy balanced diet. This would not only mean that they would eat healthier while in hospital but it would also give the patients an idea of what to eat at home to have a balanced diet. The department of health also help to ensure that the public with diabetes are cared for to reduce health costs and to improve the public’s health. One way that they do this is to ensure that local authorities commission a fully funded health check programme and a follow-up action.

The Connexions advert Essay Example for Free

The Connexions advert Essay he third most important aspect of advertising is editing this is the effects and special effects used to make the advert look better or say that now is the time to take the next step up in technology. There are two types of editing basic editing and the more special effects editing examples like the Renault scenic advert only uses basic editing which is the quick shots of the four locations and shots of the car apart from the opening and closing scene where they use a cartoon style opening and closing effect the Connexions advert also uses basic editing with its quick shots of the different areas. The two advert only have on scene where they use special effects and thats shown when they show us there logo or company name the Burger King advert does it too but the burger king advert uses the most special effects or uses it for the longest some examples are when it changes scene it uses a clock type motion showing that time is an aspect of the advert. Sound effects are quite important as they gives us an awareness on whats going on around us so this does have an impact on the viewers opinion on the advert or the product being advertised. On the Renault scenic advert in the four locations they have there relatives noises for that area like the car on the runway will have noises of planes which it has. The Connexions advert and the Burger King advert has sound effects too which are also relative to there locations apart from the burger king advert where it has ooooooo and aaaahhh at the monumental sites instead of the noises which are meant to be there. Adverts, a lot of the time use lights to help set the mood upon the advertised product and what its meant to do. In the Renault scenic advert its fun in the sun and its safe in the dark. The Burger King advert it is warm and sunny which is what weather in America is like. The Connexions advert they only use dark or just dim light making it a quite depressing environment. Music is used a lot in advertising because messages can be sent through songs and music this is done especially on the radio this is clearly shown and done in the Renault scenic advert, it uses the songs given in the order they are shown, summer holidays by Cliff Richard, Hi Ho Silver Lining by Geoff Beck, Teenage dirt bag by Weetus etc.. The Burger King advert has a Texas style chorus when arriving at the Burger King restaurant and the Connexions advert doesnt use any music because you wouldnt really have any in the back round when you are being told of. A lot of adverts use certain graphics or logos like the Burger King advert uses a slogan from there logo which is got the Urge, go to Burger King and it has fire flaming at the bottom of the screen advertising the new flamin Whopper. The Connexions advert uses the slogan lets talk about you and the Renault scenic advert has the slogan change your scenery and there logo Creature der Automobiles. The advert which worked most successfully the Connexions advert as it was just straight forward and easy to understand and it points out yes, if you are getting nagged and never get a chance to say anything then we will listen to you and the editing with all the voices perfectly merged together was pretty impressive. The Burger King advert comes next as it was to a simple advert just saying there no time for anything except for the new flamed grilled flamin Whopper for just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.99. these two advert worked well because they where both aimed at any age group where the Renault scenic advert was basically aimed at twenty year people and

Discrimination In The White Tiger

Discrimination In The White Tiger The narrative techniques observed in these two novels are different each with its own unique style. This essay deals with the narrative technique employed by Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird and Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger. A contrast is brought out between the narration presented by the protagonist Scout Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird and by Balram Halwai in The White Tiger. The lifestyle and situation presented in these two novels differ in their society as well as in their times. Scout Finch presents her story by the backdrop of the American society of the 1930s and Balram the Indian Society in the new millennium. These differences however bring out the common theme of discrimination observed, but from two different perspectives, with the help of examples from the prevailing conditions. This has been done by looking into the various factors of the narrative technique employed by these narrators. The style of writing, tone, characterization, backgrounds all vary in these two novels. Each of this is brought out by comparing and contrasting the narrative technique adopted by these two authors. All of this not only differentiates the style adopted to convey the message in each of these books but at the same time brings out the limitations and reliabilities of the two narrators. By doing so, the novels throw light on the age old social hierarchy in two different forms and does so from two unconventional perspectives, thus making them more believable. Introduction Discrimination is the theme in a flawless narrative by a lawyer in Alabama who later served in the legislature, as well as the theme in a powerful book by a young Indian traveler half a century later. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee depicts the theme through the racial biases down south in the Americas of the early 1900s while The White Tiger, by Aravind Adiga depicts a similar divide through the metaphoric India of the darkness and India of light. This essay deals with the foregrounding of the theme of discrimination in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird and AravindAdigas The White Tiger by a study of the narrative technique employed by the narrators. The narrator is the person chosen to convey the plot to the reader, and both the books being analyzed here have unconventional narrators whose gripping narration keeps the readers engaged through the book. In Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch is the narrator, with the perspective of a child from the age of five to eight through three summers in a row where she experiences the whole situation presented in the novel. Though the narration happens at a much later age, years after the incidents have unfolded; the innocence and naivety in the narrator have been retained. The narrator Balram Halwai in The White Tiger is however different. This narration is not as complex as Scout Finchs and is presented from the first persons point of view with this entrepreneur as its protagonist. He presents his life through a series of letters with an autobiographical element to it. Both these narrators bring out the common class divide observed by speech and dialogue, setting, age, tone, and plot. By doing so they present the same subject matter from two distinctive perspectives and this has been analyzed here. There is a complex narration observed in To Kill a Mockingbird from the perspective of a child as well as an adult. The narration is presented by Scout Finch from when she was eight years old. The adult narrator begins the novel by opening the story with the help of an analepsis. The adult narrator recounts the events in the way she experiences them as a child, without adding any commentary to it. She plunges straight into the story, which has been presented from a childs point of view and as Atticus points out, Theyve done it before and they did it tonight and theyll do it again and when they do it seems like only children weep  [1]  thus portraying the emotions she felt at that time. However the adult narrator brings out her understanding with age when she states, I never figured out how Atticus knew I was listening, and it was not until many years later that I realized he wanted me to hear every word he said  [2]  Her comments on her childhood naivety does not make her om niscient but definitely gives her the power of omniscience as she is able to look back on the events that have occurred and comment on the thoughts running in other peoples heads as she has matured considerably over time and has been able to understand many more things. The adult narrators lack of interference gives the reader a chance to embark on the journey which brings out this discrimination with the young Scout. By doing so they view the events in the light in which they occurred without any biases. Along with this they are also given a chance to observe the way the young Scout handled herself through this crisis and matured through it as she switches back to first person narration when she is directly involved in the action as seen in the court case of Tom Robinson. The reader is thus able to connect with the protagonist and experience the journey alongside her. By this, the reader is free to derive their own conclusion of what they read in the book, though she has limited them by providing it all from her point of view. The narrator further supports this narration when the adult Scout drops in subtle hints for the events she wants the readers to see when she says, We sometimes discussed the events leading to his actions.  [3]   The narrator Balram Halwai in The White Tiger is however different. Living a rags to riches story the protagonist emerges from the darkness to light, from the villages in Central India to New Delhi and then to Bangalore. Balram presents this autobiographical narration over seven nights through letters to Wen Jiabao, the Chinese Premier, shortly visiting India. His letters have an autobiographical element to it as it spans his life from his childhood to his present status and the journey from the darkness to light. Balrams narration brings out the Indian social hierarchy prevalent in society from his point of view, a very different version from what his master Mr. Ashok views it to be. While the latter condemns the country for having too many half baked men, Balram mocks the rich for having studied for decades and then finally taking orders from other men for the rest of their lives when he says, Entrepreneurs are made from half baked clay.  [4]   We see India as it is today from a member of a working classs perspective and we get an insight into much that we wouldnt under normal circumstances have given a thought to. Adiga presents a view of the world from the narrators perspective for the benefit of the reader, and this brings out the effect of using such an unconventional narrator. His use of the English language in its simplest form by the use of simple sentences reiterates his position in the society and makes him more appealing to the reader. This can be supported by: In the morning someone came into the room. It was ex driver number one.  [5]  This sentence spoken by Balram towards his colleague throws light onto the education he received for despite his age is he still spoke like a child. His cunning, sardonic tone applied when he states the above, makes him mean and a man of the world who has learned how to survive, creating an ambiguity of his age. There is a contrast between his age and speech here which furthe r brings out his position in society. His ambitions to reach the top of the hierarchy and clear away all the class distinctions put forth to him puts him at the apex of the situations that arise in his life, such as revealing the religious secret of driver one, and the murder of his master, Mr. Ashok. This makes the reader acquainted with the protagonist here and gives one the freedom to judge this character in the way one wants, similar to Scouts narration. Scout, as a narrator is perceived differently from him, for she is merely a viewer for the reasons of her troubles in society. The childish tone adopted by her brings out the truth in the fear felt by the society when something out of the ordinary happens, for instance with Boo Radley. They accuse him of being a ghost but Scout views him as a friend and fellow human being after he saves her life, when she says, Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them.  [6]  This brings out a maturity in her and an understanding got with experience. By this, she comes across the prejudices faced by the adult society which were unknown to her. This aspect of her narration portrays her as a round character as more than one aspect of her character emerges through this. The directness with which she voices out her thoughts to Atticus can be compared to the bluntness with which Balram in The White Tiger expresses his opinion on the things around him. This brings out his upbringing in Darkness  [7]  , by the lack of refine to him as a person. His frequent exclamations while expressing his views, however harsh they might be, without any regret suggest this as well. His thirst to prove himself as educated and rich is brought in this tone adopted by him as he tries to prove himself to the Premier by referring to himself as a one of its most successful (though probably least known) businessman  [8]  . His tone brings out the pride he feels on the wrongs he did in his life to reach the top rung of the ladder of success when he says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I became, briefly, a person of national importance owing to an act of entrepreneurshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [9]  He is in fact talking about murder in this context without any guilt. He tries to bring out his knowledge to the Premier in a way which suggests that he knows it all by listening to the people around him. This is supported by words such as apparently and I guess. These suggest an uncertainty and the idea of being made up as they support the ideas of being unsure. Scout Finch as presented by Lee does not try to prove herself and brings out her natural reactions towards the events which occurred in her childhood. The adult narrator does not try to modify any of her reactions as a child and presents is all in the sequence it occurred. She brings out her confusion and her imagination, thus presenting Balram as a very defensive character. Along with this she also brings out the hostilities faced by Atticus on taking up Tom Robinsons case. Scout is unable to understand all of this and cites her confusion. The title here plays an important role in foreshadowing the character of the narrator and highlights the theme of discrimination. A mockingbird stands for innocence. This motif of the mockingbird too arises in the novel four times through the course of her narration. One of which is the column written by B. B. Underwood on Toms death which goes against this discrimination and brings out the humanity that is present in such a society. On the other hand, the title The White Tiger, suggests uniqueness and rarity, acting as an epithet to the protagonist Balram. His unconventional narrative is brought out by his colloquial language seen in his exclamations as well as in the various parentheses like No: dont misunderstand. I had nothing to do with his death! But Ill explain later.  [10]  His use of this trivial incident of death while writing to a person as important as a Premier of a country sites his background and education. The choice of narrator here makes this discrimination observed more predictable as its presented is by a person who has been at the receiving end of it. This could also however be interpreted to be a little farfetched and not completely accurate for the experiences could have been exaggerated by the narrator so as to gain sympathy and prove himself right. The protagonist through the first person narrator is able to project his thoughts and feelings by his perspective. Scouts inner confusion comes out in this manner with the help of speech and dialogue in To Kill a Mockingbird, when she has to face the hostility of the society after Atticus takes up Tom Robinsons case. Her words are confused and she is not always aware of the events occurring around her. This brings out her imagination, her age and thus her character. In such times of uncertainty Scout also exhibits a maturity, when in conversation with Miss Maudy, where she states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but Atticus was only a man. It takes a woman to do that kind of work.  [11]  Along with this she also brings out her view of the racial discrimination that exists in society when she hears the ladies talking, and she admires Aunt Alexandra for her ability to put on a strong face even in the time of crises. Her view of everyone being equal because the working classes too has families as sh e has seen with the family retainer Calphurnia , makes her view point different from what an adult might have been at that time simply because her thoughts werent biased. Her speech also reveals the problems faced by her because of the biases. Her belief of equality between the white and black make her stand out against the biases of the society. She also presents the other characters from her point of view. They are biased according to what she makes them to be and are presented as part of her life and not explicitly for the readers. This taints them by the opinion she holds of them. This can be supported by her opinion on Walter Cunningham when she states He aint company, Cal, hes just a Cunnigham   [12]  All of these characters are characterized indirectly as they are all introduced by the narrator. This provides a limitation for the reader to judge them as they are all presented from the perspective of the narrator and are biased. This makes it unreliable for the reader to judge them. A similar pattern is observed in The White Tiger as well. The characters have all been tainted by Balrams point of view. They have been brought out in the sequence of action that occurs in his life and at the junctions where they play a part in making the narrator who he is today. His descriptions of his fellow characters and the events occurring are clear, concise though broken in some parts. The readers first impression of Mr. Ashok, his master is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a figure on the terrace, a fellow in long loose white clothes, walking around and around, lost deep in thought  [13]  .This not only highlights the contrast between the narrator here and in To Kill a Mockingbird, but also reiterates his position in society especially when he says, the moment I saw his face, I knew: This is the master for me.  [14]  This unconventional narrative contributes towards developing the narrator as a character by the turn of events in his life and once again reminds the reader of his upbri nging. The White Tigers cunning, ambitious nature is brought into focus with the way he exposes the driver number ones secret to their master and uses anothers downfall to reach his own success. This narrators view on the happenings around him combined with his style of getting things done his way defines him as an efficient protagonist who knows what happens around him and what still remains to be achieved. This confidence of his brings out a stark contrast to the narrator in To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout Finch is oblivious to the seriousness of the case taken up by Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, and because of this she is partially unaware of the social disgrace her family is facing and projects this by her childlike style of writing. The hardships faced by Balram in The White Tiger as seen with, Working in a tea shop. Smashing coals. Wiping tables. Bad news for meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦?  [15]  infuses in this protagonist the class distinctions and presents the society around him from a very biased view as opposed to the narrative adopted in the other book where her opinion isnt as biased. Balrams narration is Adigas novel brings out his blunt, unrepentant and outright nature and the presence of mind and grit exhibited to reach the top of the social hierarchy. This is a startling contrast to Scout in Harper Lees novel. Her innocence and pain is contrasted to his ways of the world here. He knows how to get his way around and use the people around him to get his way. While Scout finds it a need to protect her father against peoples vile judgments of calling him a nigger lover, he unrepentantly awaits the murder of his family for his crimes. He presents his views on discrimination from the perspective of the higher class now that hes an entrepreneur himself. He presents discrimination of class based on power here as is seen by his actions, something he had initially gone against. Harper Lee in contrast to this brings out Scouts lack of understanding and interpretation of the seriousness of the situation by her speech and dialogue which describes her tomboyish and enthusia stic nature and her curiosity towards everything happening around her. She now sees the cruelty of children against their peers as she feels it herself and her tomboyish nature cannot be contained in such matters as is seen with, My fists were clenched I was ready to make fly. Cecil Jacobs had announced the day before that Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers.  [16]   Just as Balrams background brings out the unusual style of writing in The White Tiger, its Scouts age which brings out the unconventional narrative observed in To Kill a Mockingbird. It defines the innocence and imagination present in a child without that being tainted by the working of the real world. It brings out the world as is viewed by the narrator then and thus helps in bringing out the accuracy of events taking place. In contrast to this brings out the ambiguity in the reliability of the narration as it has been presented by a child. There were situations which were too serious for her and were presented more by her imagination than by the reality of it. This emphasizes the point of her being a child who cannot be completely trusted in her report for her interpretation is naÃÆ' ¯ve and cant be completely relied upon. The narrators age is however important here as without considering that the reader might misjudge her character. It brings out her naivety and innocence by th e lack of clear understanding in matters of grave seriousness such as the conviction against Tom Robinson. The truthfulness of a childs narration keeps the reader in its grasp by the suspense created by it and makes him believe her and empathize with her. Her tone and voice keeps the narration light though the topic matter is serious. Scouts perspective is distinguished from that of the societys and helps in bringing out discrimination at two levels. For one Scout is continually told by Aunt Alexandra to wear dresses and not play with the boys; and they are also condemned for supporting the blacks, as seen by her cousin when At a safe distance he called, Hes nothin but a nigger-lover.  [17]  Condemnation goes at two levels and brings out the magnitude of this theme in the book by highlighting its intensity and making it more believable. This theme of discrimination forms the basis of the plot which is developed by the controlled release of information. The characters are introduced one by one and the themes are introduced in the time of crises. This heightens its effect and makes the reader focus on it. The theme of discrimination is brought out when the whites insult the black. The adult narrators description of the other peoples reaction at the court scene brings out the dissatisfaction in the crowd as well as reinforces the prejudice of the jury towards the white, despite the Negro being innocent. The analepsis is used by Adiga in The White Tiger for a different effect. The plot has been constructed in such a way that the reader is continually reminded of the protagonists current position. This helps in concluding each letter and also making a reference to his office, which makes the reader acquainted to the present setting as well as bringing out a contrast between his past and present status. This is reinforced by his pride and constant references to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the chandelier has a personality of its own. Its a huge thing, full of diamond shaped glass pieces, just like the ones they used to show in the films of the 1970s.  [18]  in his tiny office. The plot deals with his brilliance in how he handles situations and on analyzing the people around him as he presents a very judgmental view on the other characters and presents them as he sees them a stark contrast to Scout Finchs narration. Conclusion The various aspects of the narrative technique presented by Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird and by Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger have been analyzed through the course of the essay. The different styles on writing adopted by the writers to bring out the theme of discrimination, which has been analyzed here by looking at the tone, characterization, speech and dialogue, plot and setting of the two novels. The common style of using an analepsis has been brought out here, which helps in involving the reader into the plot. This makes the reader appreciate the work more as he is able to connect with it. One of the common aspects observed in this essay is the presentation of the plot without any external comments. This has left the reader with the choice to judge the characters and interpret the narrators intentions in the way he wants. Despite this, there are certain limitations which are provided for the way they make their judgments. This is observed by the narrators perspectives on the way they view their fellow characters and the events that occur. Scouts childish narration, supported by her confusion and maturity and Balrams sardonic tone adopted to bring out the world from the point of view of a lower class brings out theme of discrimination from an altogether different perspective. The narrative technique helps in throwing light on the life of the narrator and makes their tales more believable. Yet there are some limitations which crop up. Scout Finch is a child who doesnt understand all that happens around her. This makes her a little unreliable because of her tendency to let her imagination infuse with the reality of things. Despite this she presents a very unbiased view of the society around her, thus projecting the blacks and whites in the same light. Adiga on the other hand presents Balram Halwai as a person whose defensiveness makes him prove himself every time he claims to have done something. In doing so there are times where he might have exaggerated the course of the events that have occurred to draw sympathy towar ds himself and presents the society and its people from a very biased view. These two narrators bring out the same theme with different motives. There are however several limitations which I faced while writing this essay. One being the lack of secondary sources to back up my argument thus making me base my argument completely on the texts in hand and on my personal interpretation of it. Along with this I put together my data from a variety of sources as this topic of analysis here is not a well documented topic as it has been primarily based on class discrimination. There is also a scope of a more exhaustive study as this essay has only dealt with some of the aspects of the narrative technique such as the tone, setting, plot and so forth and much more can be said on these aspects of the narrative technique employed by these two authors. The representation of the theme of discrimination is similar in many aspects in these two novels. Both these authors have used a very unconventional way of bringing out this these. There is an attempt by the author to present these themes in such a way that the readers are easily able to connect with it and understand the underlying motives and intentions of the narrators. Lee has brought out such a serious topic from the perspective of a child through an analepsis, whereas Adiga presented his novel through the protagonist Balram Halwai by using some aspects of the Bildungsroman technique. By adopting these methods, they have provided one with scope for a very exhaustive analysis not only in the narrative techniques adopted but also on the other features to foreground this theme of racial discrimination.

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

BEOWULF AS A CHRIST-LIKE FIGURE The epic poem, Beowulf, recounts the tale of a man named Beowulf who sacrifices his own safety to save the Danes from two evil dragons. Then, years later, Beowulf risks his life yet again to save his own people from a dragon. Throughout the story, Beowulf is presented as a Christ-like figure. This is manifested in the events that take place, the way that Beowulf speaks about himself, and the way the people treat him. The first way Beowulf's likeness to Christ is revealed, is through the events that take place. After Beowulf tells Hrothgar that he will fight Grendel, there is a celebration. During the celebration, Welthow, the queen "raised a flowing cup" (615) and poured "a portion from the jeweled cup/ For each" (621-622). When she got to Beowulf, she "thanked God for answering her prayers" (625). This event is strikingly similar to the Last Supper when Jesus passed around a cup of wine and gave thanks to God. Then, the crucifixion is portrayed when Beowulf fights Grendel's mother. During the stuggle, other monsters come to watch and beat at "His mail shirt, stabbing with tusks and teeth/ As they followed along" (1510-1511). Similarly, when Jesus was crucified, crowds drew near laughing at him, hurling insults, and spitting on him. Finally, Beowulf is said to have "Gone to a glorious death" (3037) and his soul "Left his flesh, flew to glory" (2820). This is similar to the resurrection of Jesus. All of these events clearly parallel the events of Jesus' day. What Beowulf says also shows his similarity to Christ. Beowulf says "I already knew that all/ My purpose was this: to win the good will/ Of your people" (633-635). Jesus also knew that it was his mission to come down to earth to save his people from their sins. Later, Beowulf says: . . . No one else could do What I mean to, here, no man but me Could hope to defeat this monster. No one Could try . . . (2532- 2535) Likewise, Jesus was the only man who could do his job. Thus, no man could defeat evil without the help of God. Many of Beowulf's statements are true to what Jesus said and felt. One other way Beowulf is linked to Christ is through the way the people act towards him and speak of him.

Beneficial Results of a Tactical Failure :: Personal Narrative Ceramics Essays

Beneficial Results of a Tactical Failure When I first examined this assignment, I decided that I would make some piece of pottery that I believed would have been useful to my ancestors. I wanted to make something simple, as I had no experience working with clay. I thought that a small bowl capable of holding a small amount of water would be my best bet. However, when I arrived at Aura Ceramics my intentions changed. Once I sat down to make my pottery, I decided to make something I thought would have been useful to hunter-gatherer societies, to the individuals that first utilized pottery. I tried to imagine what sorts of vessels would have been a necessity to these people. I concluded that a larger container capable of carrying water over distances would have been more useful than a smaller bowl. I wanted to make a container large enough to transport water. It needed to be light enough to carry for long periods of time. And, it would have to be durable so as not to crack or spill water while being transported. With these thoughts in mind, I began molding my clay. I started by making a fairly large basin that I estimated would have held just under a gallon of water. I figured that would have been sufficient for an individual's daily consumption. Next, I began condensing the top of the vessel into a small neck-like form in which something like a cork could be placed to prevent water from spilling out once inside the pottery. Finally, above the neck, I molded a funnel. The funnel would have made scooping and filling this container with water from an open source much easier. Unfortunately, my creation did not survive the heating process, so I do not have a finished product to demonstrate. However, I can best describe the container as looking much like a spittoon with a smaller opening at the neck of the container. After observing the transitions which the pots my classmates made went through, I can conclude that my container would have been useful to early hunters and gatherers. After the pottery was processed in the kiln it weighed less than it had when the clay was wet. Judging the differential in these weights from the other students' creations, I believe my finished product, with the gallon of water it was meant to hold, would have weighed around ten pounds.

Managing Classroom Behavior :: essays research papers

Managing Classroom Behavior Managing classroom behavior can be a difficult task, especially if you have a child who is always causing disturbances. Once you have identified that there is a problem, you should ask yourself six simple questions. The first question asked is whether the problem is a result of inappropriate curriculum or teaching strategies. As teachers we have a tendency to overlook the fact that what and how we teach can contribute directly to our students behavioral problems. Secondly, ask yourself "What do I demand and prohibit - and what should I?" Teachers find it easier to specify what they will not tolerate than to specify the behavior they demand. The third question to ask is "Why do certain behaviors bother me, and what should I do about them?" As a teacher you have to decide if this is a difference in culture or upbringing and why it bothers you, is it inappropriate, is the behavior disturbing the other children? There are many things to consider when a child is acting up. As the teacher, it is your responsibility to solve these disturbances, if they are personal, you may try ignoring them, talking with them, or even living with the problem. The fourth question you need to ask your self is if this behavior is developmentally significant. Although there are other types of developmentally significant behaviors, most will fall into four primary categories: academic failure, aggression, depression, and problems with peers. The fifth question to ask is, "Should I concentrate on a behavior excess or deficiency?" A behavioral excess is something you usually want the child to stop doing.

Human ideal Essay

Human Ideal is a very subjective idea across the board. There are many factors that influence a person’s perspective on a prefect human ideal. The most prevalent factor seems to be the culture of the society. The culture and the society I was raised in brought me to the finalization of my personal human ideal. People should live to fulfill the ultimate good of happiness without stepping on others to reach it and at the same time to avoid extreme and take the middle way. My human ideal is pretty much stated in â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle†, but the other texts have their own validated ways to reach the human ideal. The Odyssey portrayed a character who seems to be the ideal mortal. His name was Odysseus and he had fought for his country with bravery. The gods were all in favor of his homecoming from Troy because of his bravery. â€Å"You dog, you never thought I would any more come back from the land of Troy, and because of that you despoiled my household,†¦ and sought to win my wife while I was still alive, fearing neither the immortal gods who hold the wide heaven,†¦Now upon you all terms of destruction are fastened.†(Odyssey of Homer, 22:35-41) Odysseus’ house had been overtaken be suitors and the gods lead him to bring justice to the suitors. The suitors did not fear the â€Å"immortal gods† like Odysseus did so they were fated to be destroyed by the God-like Odysseus. The suitors would be an example of an anti-human ideal in the culture the book is based on. Gods play a huge role in deciding the correct way to be a mortal. If you did not fear them and respect their power, you would be looked down upon and would have â€Å"all terms of destruction† fastened upon you. Odysseus was a war hero who fought in Troy for his people and he alone survived and because of this he was held high above everyone else this is the major reason Zeus would grant him a glorious homecoming. In† Euthyphro†, the human ideal is portrayed to be very different than â€Å"The Odysseus†. In order in to be prefect human, you had to live life without  certainty and to always ask questions even when you feel you are correct in your way of thinking. Socrates believed that people were often ignorant and talked in a way where they were correct even when they far from it. Euthyphro was on his way to court where he had run into Socrates and Socrates asked him what he business was there. Euthyphro was there to prosecute his father for murder of a servant who had also committed murder. Socrates being the human ideal example for this text brought up the question of â€Å"If you had no clear knowledge of piety and impiety you would never have ventured to prosecute your old father for murder on behalf of servant† (Euthyphro). Socrates tested Euthyphro’s sense of piety because Socrates thought it was wrong that he had no doubt in his mind it was justified to bring his own father to court. Socrates believed you should always ask questions because not everything in the world can be black and white. Socrates believed that all things had a grey area where what is piety and what is impiety was unclear. This brought of the question should he not bring a murderer to count merely because it’s his own father and does it even make a difference if the person he murdered was a murderer himself? My personal favorite human ideal of all the books is the one from The â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle†. The basic idea behind Aristotle’s book is that the ultimate goal in life is to achieve true happiness. This particular idea makes the most sense to me. â€Å"Happiness, then, is found to be something perfect and self-sufficient, being the end to which our actions are directed† (Aristotle, Page 15). This quote states that happiness is the final, the end and all other things will lead up to this. Happiness is stated to direct our actions because people all want to be happy. This idea gives people the feeling of â€Å"self-sufficient† because no other person can make another person achieve the ultimate good because it is all dependent on the person. Happiness is a perfect thing because no one truly knows what it is until they reach it themselves. The idea of happiness is subjective around the world given the different cultures so it is impossible to even begin to describe specifically how to reach the ultimate good. He also says â€Å"Since happiness is a certain sort of activity of the soul in accord with complete virtue, we must examine virtue; for that will perhaps also be a way to study happiness better† (Aristotle, 16). Happiness is a virtue and in  order to know happiness then you need to have an idea of what a virtue is. Virtue is the behavior showing high moral standards. Moral standards are important in all culture and especially in the Geek culture because of the gods who everyone seems to fear so greatly. They try to not offend any of the gods so their virtue is based around that for the most part. Which means their ultimate good involves pleasing the gods in order to achieve their goal of happiness. In John, the human ideal is a tad more divine than Aristotle’s view. John focuses more on having faith without doubt of its truth. Throughout the bible there are many examples that can be attached to this idea and John is no exception. Jesus was sent out in to the wilderness to survive for forth days and forty nights. The devil tempted him with power and ending of this suffering in the wilderness, but Jesus’ faith was much too strong for the devil. â€Å"The devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. And he said to him, ‘I will give you all their authority and splendor; it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. If you worship me, it will all be yours’† (John). The devil showed him the power he could have had if he would worship him, but of course it was in vain given he is Jesus and there is nothing in the world that could corrupt his faith. Jesus is the prime example of an ideal human and people believed if they acted like Jesus, then their life would have meaning and be complete. However, if it were any other mortal who was confronted with the offer that the devil made may have taken all that power in a heartbeat. The only way a person could reason with themselves in order to not take that deal would require a lot of faith in God and truth their decision may be rewarded in some way. The ideals presented in the Bible require people to have great faith in the Lord. My personal view of the human ideal is fairly general since I have no idea how to even get close to a perfect way to be human. My ideas agree with Aristotle in that happiness should be the ultimate goal no matter what way you achieve it. The one exception I have is that your path to happiness shouldn’t put others down and obstruct their path to happiness. If you feel there is no other option to reach your goal, then think again because there  is always a middle way and some way to reach your goal without hurting others. You need to live for each other and of course put your life or loved ones at the top of your list, but even a homeless drug addict on the street is a person and should be treated as such regardless of their poor choices in life. This also brings of the issue of what is that person has hurt someone. I feel that even if a person has intentional hurt another human being should at least have the chance to change unless they murdered, raped, or committed crimes as extreme as those. However, if the person shows no signs of regret or urge to reform, then justice will be properly laid onto the person in question. In this world, justice is a must because without it nothing is stopping people from obstructing other’s paths to happiness. Happiness is all too important in life to let a few hurt or corrupt the many. Human ideals seem to play a big role in culture, literature, and religion. However, there is of course no true human ideal because no two people think exactly the same way. The ideals ranged from fighting for your home and to kill for glory to achieving the ultimate good of happiness. Perfection in this world is merely an idea and it has a hard time fitting in with anything since nothing is truly perfect.